2. Endosymbiosis Hypothesis Leading to the Protist Grouping

3. 4 Basic Groups of Protists Algae (plant-like protists) Protozoans (animal-like protists) Slime molds (both fungus-like protists) Water molds

4. Kingdom Protista eukaryotic mostly unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic (some can be both at the same time) has become the “catch-all” kingdom and is the most diverse structurally

6. Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

7. Chlorophyta Mostly aquatic- freshwater and marine, some terrestrial May be unicellular, multicellular, even colonial Reproduce sexually and asexually

8. Chlamydomonas: a unicellular alga

9. Volvox: a colonial alga

10. Brown Algae Phaeophyta

11. Phylum Phaeophyta Multicellular Marine; usually found in colder waters Body parts include a blade, stipe, and holdfast Most brown algae contain a mucilaginous material which prevents them from drying out when they are exposed at low tide; these guys are very tough! Of economic importance: used for food (when dried) and as fertilizer (oh, by the way, it’s in ice cream too—look for algin on the ingredient panel!)

12. Parts of a brown alga

15. Rockweed: a brown alga

17. www.annapolisriver.ca/.../rockweed.jpg

21. Red Algae Rodophyta (see page 539 in your text for a great picture of red algae)

23. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/reds/porphyra.gif

24. Phylum Rodophyta Mostly in warm marine environment Multicellular Smaller and more delicate that brown algae Of economic importance: a source of agar (remember that stuff ?), in cosmetics and in the food industry for thickeners (also used as nori for you sushi lovers)

25. Golden Algae Bacillariophyta (the diatoms)

26. Bacillariophyta Unicellular The organism sits inside a shell made of silica They are major photosynthesizers due to their sheer numbers Serve as a major component to the ocean food chain Of economic importance as abrasives, diatomaceaous earth for pool filters

31. The Dinoflagellates (Alveolata) Phylum Dinoflagella

32. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Protected by cellulose plates Most have two flagella one which is used for locomotion Some species are responsible for causing “red tides” when the environmental conditions are correct

34. Red Tides… The water in Penn Cove (Coupeville, WA) turned orange on 5/8/04 due to a "red tide." Photo courtesy of Mary Jo Adams (copyright 2004).Mary Jo Adams serc.carleton.edu/ microbelife/topics/redtide/

35. NJ Department of Fish & Wildlife: Bureau of Shellfisheries

36. Noctiluca: “Sparkle of the Sea”

38. Pfiesteria piscicida

41. Slime molds and water molds Have a phase of their life cycle that is amoeboid- this means they can move from place to place. This structure is called a plasmodium. During reproduction, the plasmodium produces structures which will produce spores. The spores will germinate to produce a new plasmodium. Water molds will decompose dead organisms making the body of the organism they are decomposing look “fuzzy”.

42. Life cycle of a slime mold…

43. The varied stages of slime molds

44. Water mold (poor goldfish!)

45. The Euglenoids (Euglenophyta)

46. Phylum Euglenophyta Freshwater Unicellular Autotrophic and heterotrophic (some can switch back and forth!-pretty cool, eh?) Have an eyespot to detect light Possess a long flagellum for locomotion (This group is a mix of plant and animal characteristics rolled into one organism!)

48. The Protozoans (animal-like protists) Unicellular (but each cell carries out all of the functions which are performed by specialized tissues in multicellular organisms) Motile (this means they can move) Heterotrophic Informally divided into groups based on what they use for locomotion

49. The animal-like protists… Informally divided into groups based on what they use for locomotion: - Cilia (ciliates) -Flagella (flagellates) - Pseudopods (ameboid protists)

50. Amoeboids: Move by using pseudopods, which are extensions of the cytoplasm Feed by engulfing prey whole: phagocytosis Possess contractile vacuoles which pump out excess water as it is constantly entering the cell of this organism

51. Amoeba proteus

53. Elphidium granti A foraminifer (foram); (a shelled amoeba)

54. Uvigerinella californica Another foram

55. The White Cliffs of Dover (U.K.) A deposit of many foram shells!

57. http://www.ballofdirt.com/media/333/2062/7629.html

58. Guess what? More forams!!!

59. Flagellates: Move by means of flagella Many of these are disease causing to humans causing “hiker’s diarrhea”, African Sleeping Sickness

60. Giardia lamblia

61. S.E.M. of Giardia lamblia showing ventral sucker

67. The Sporozoans: Phylum Sporozoa All parasitic No method of locomotion as adults Examples include the microoorganism that causes malaria: Plasmodium

68. Plasmodium (malaria) life cycle

69. The significance of the protists is that Ancestors of the land plants have their evolutionary basis in protistsAncestors of the land plants have their evolutionary basis in protists Ancestors of the modern fungi have their evolutionary basis in protists Ancestors of the modern day animals have their evolutionary basis from this groupAncestors of the modern day animals have their evolutionary basis from this group

70. A charophyte (a green alga) and modern day Elodea

71. Comparison between a protist and a parazoan (a sponge)