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Endosymbiosis Hypothesis Leading to the Protist Grouping
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4 Basic Groups of Protists Algae (plant-like protists) Protozoans (animal-like protists) Slime molds (both fungus-like protists) Water molds
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Kingdom Protista eukaryotic mostly unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic (some can be both at the same time) has become the “catch-all” kingdom and is the most diverse structurally
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Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
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Chlorophyta Mostly aquatic- freshwater and marine, some terrestrial May be unicellular, multicellular, even colonial Reproduce sexually and asexually
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Chlamydomonas: a unicellular alga
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Volvox: a colonial alga
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Brown Algae Phaeophyta
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Phylum Phaeophyta Multicellular Marine; usually found in colder waters Body parts include a blade, stipe, and holdfast Most brown algae contain a mucilaginous material which prevents them from drying out when they are exposed at low tide; these guys are very tough! Of economic importance: used for food (when dried) and as fertilizer (oh, by the way, it’s in ice cream too—look for algin on the ingredient panel!)
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Parts of a brown alga
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Rockweed: a brown alga
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www.annapolisriver.ca/.../rockweed.jpg
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Red Algae Rodophyta (see page 539 in your text for a great picture of red algae)
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/reds/porphyra.gif
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Phylum Rodophyta Mostly in warm marine environment Multicellular Smaller and more delicate that brown algae Of economic importance: a source of agar (remember that stuff ?), in cosmetics and in the food industry for thickeners (also used as nori for you sushi lovers)
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Golden Algae Bacillariophyta (the diatoms)
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Bacillariophyta Unicellular The organism sits inside a shell made of silica They are major photosynthesizers due to their sheer numbers Serve as a major component to the ocean food chain Of economic importance as abrasives, diatomaceaous earth for pool filters
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The Dinoflagellates (Alveolata) Phylum Dinoflagella
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Dinoflagellates Unicellular Protected by cellulose plates Most have two flagella one which is used for locomotion Some species are responsible for causing “red tides” when the environmental conditions are correct
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Red Tides… The water in Penn Cove (Coupeville, WA) turned orange on 5/8/04 due to a "red tide." Photo courtesy of Mary Jo Adams (copyright 2004).Mary Jo Adams serc.carleton.edu/ microbelife/topics/redtide/
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NJ Department of Fish & Wildlife: Bureau of Shellfisheries
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Noctiluca: “Sparkle of the Sea”
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Pfiesteria piscicida
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Slime molds and water molds Have a phase of their life cycle that is amoeboid- this means they can move from place to place. This structure is called a plasmodium. During reproduction, the plasmodium produces structures which will produce spores. The spores will germinate to produce a new plasmodium. Water molds will decompose dead organisms making the body of the organism they are decomposing look “fuzzy”.
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Life cycle of a slime mold…
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The varied stages of slime molds
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Water mold (poor goldfish!)
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The Euglenoids (Euglenophyta)
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Phylum Euglenophyta Freshwater Unicellular Autotrophic and heterotrophic (some can switch back and forth!-pretty cool, eh?) Have an eyespot to detect light Possess a long flagellum for locomotion (This group is a mix of plant and animal characteristics rolled into one organism!)
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The Protozoans (animal-like protists) Unicellular (but each cell carries out all of the functions which are performed by specialized tissues in multicellular organisms) Motile (this means they can move) Heterotrophic Informally divided into groups based on what they use for locomotion
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The animal-like protists… Informally divided into groups based on what they use for locomotion: - Cilia (ciliates) -Flagella (flagellates) - Pseudopods (ameboid protists)
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Amoeboids: Move by using pseudopods, which are extensions of the cytoplasm Feed by engulfing prey whole: phagocytosis Possess contractile vacuoles which pump out excess water as it is constantly entering the cell of this organism
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Amoeba proteus
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Elphidium granti A foraminifer (foram); (a shelled amoeba)
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Uvigerinella californica Another foram
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The White Cliffs of Dover (U.K.) A deposit of many foram shells!
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http://www.ballofdirt.com/media/333/2062/7629.html
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Guess what? More forams!!!
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Flagellates: Move by means of flagella Many of these are disease causing to humans causing “hiker’s diarrhea”, African Sleeping Sickness
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Giardia lamblia
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S.E.M. of Giardia lamblia showing ventral sucker
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The Sporozoans: Phylum Sporozoa All parasitic No method of locomotion as adults Examples include the microoorganism that causes malaria: Plasmodium
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Plasmodium (malaria) life cycle
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The significance of the protists is that Ancestors of the land plants have their evolutionary basis in protistsAncestors of the land plants have their evolutionary basis in protists Ancestors of the modern fungi have their evolutionary basis in protists Ancestors of the modern day animals have their evolutionary basis from this groupAncestors of the modern day animals have their evolutionary basis from this group
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A charophyte (a green alga) and modern day Elodea
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Comparison between a protist and a parazoan (a sponge)
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