1. Today: Comments from our tour? Fungal Review Meeting the Algae

3. A Quick Review Use your whiteboard to draw and define the following key terms: Zygospore Ascus Basidium Conidia Heterokaryotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

5. Why Algae? Primary Productivity! Primary Productivity! This picture shows the distribution of the global yearly net fixation of carbon (g carbon per square meter and year). Source: Science 281 (1998) pp 237-240.

6. Ancestors to Land Plants (Understanding evolution!) Commercial products Inherent complexity and beauty Why Algae?

7. Back to the Algae

8. General Characteristics: Photosynthetic members of the Stramenopila (water molds!) Photosynthetic members of the Stramenopila (water molds!) Named after the two different types of flagella characteristic of the group Named after the two different types of flagella characteristic of the group Plastids in this group most likely evolved by secondary endosymbiosis Plastids in this group most likely evolved by secondary endosymbiosis 1. The Heterokont Algae

9. Heterokonts: Note the single, long “hairy” flagella and the shorter, smoother flagella. Photo: © Peter v. Sengbusch

10. Unique glass-like walls (silica embedded in an organic matrix) Unique glass-like walls (silica embedded in an organic matrix) 1. The Heterokont Algae- Diatoms Life in a glass house! Diatoms are responsible for ~25% of global photosynthesis!

11. Source: http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/tharrison/emigration/diatoms.htm 1. The Heterokont Algae- Diatoms More than one way to look at a diatom. This picture shows the side view (top left) and top view (bottom right) of a Navicula lanceolata

12. Usually reproduce asexually Usually reproduce asexually May form resistant cysts May form resistant cysts Sexual stages rare! (size dependent!) Sexual stages rare! (size dependent!) 1. The Heterokont Algae- Diatoms

13. Use a glucose polymer, laminarin, to store food reserves Use a glucose polymer, laminarin, to store food reserves Major component of diatomaceous earth Major component of diatomaceous earth 1. The Heterokont Algae- Diatoms

14. An Interesting Application of Diatom Biology… http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/crime-scene- creatures/video-diatom-detective/5208/

15. Named for their color (from carotene and xanthophyll accessory pigments) Named for their color (from carotene and xanthophyll accessory pigments) Typically biflagellated and unicellular Typically biflagellated and unicellular May be mixotrophic (absorption/ingestion in addition to photosynthesis) May be mixotrophic (absorption/ingestion in addition to photosynthesis) 1.The Heterokont Algae- Golden Algae (Chrysophytes) Prymnesium parvum, the golden alga responsible for many fresh water fish kills. Photo: Dr. Carmelo Tomas U. of North Carolina, Wilmington

16. Macroalgae: A Sneak Preview

17. Multicellular, primarily marine Multicellular, primarily marine Largest and most complex of all algae (“seaweed”) Largest and most complex of all algae (“seaweed”) Complex anatomy evolved independently of plants (analogous, not homologous) Complex anatomy evolved independently of plants (analogous, not homologous) 1.The Heterokont Algae- Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

18. Anatomy of the Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) Anatomy of the Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) Blade Stipe Holdfast Pneumatocyst The body of a seaweed is called a thallus

19. The Heterokont Algae- Brown Algae (Phaeophyta): Life Cycle Note the heteromorphic generations!

21. 2. The Red Algae (Rhodophyta) No flagellated stages! No flagellated stages! Usually red colored because of an accessory pigment, phycoerythrin (similar to those in cyanobacteria!) Usually red colored because of an accessory pigment, phycoerythrin (similar to those in cyanobacteria!) Plastids of red algae most likely evolved from cyanobacteria by primary endosymbiosis Plastids of red algae most likely evolved from cyanobacteria by primary endosymbiosis

22. Mostly marine (deep! Why?), but may be freshwater, or even in moist soils Mostly marine (deep! Why?), but may be freshwater, or even in moist soils Mostly multicellular Mostly multicellular Complex life cycles; dependent on water currents to bring gametes together Complex life cycles; dependent on water currents to bring gametes together 2. The Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

23. The Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

24. 3. The Green Algae (Chlorophyta ) Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular Primarily freshwater, but also marine, in soils, and symbiotic relationships (lichens!) Primarily freshwater, but also marine, in soils, and symbiotic relationships (lichens!) Share a common ancestor with land plants! Share a common ancestor with land plants! The Unicellular green algae, Chlamydomonas

25. 3. The Green Algae (Chlorophyta) Isogamy!

26. Mechanisms for the evolution of size and complexity: 1. Formation of colonies of individual cells (Volvox) 2. Repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division ( multinucleate filaments ) 3. Formation of true multicellular forms by cell division and differentiation (Ulva) 3. The Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

27. Life Cycle of the Green Alga, Ulva Note the isomorphic generations!

28. Let’s Watch! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/algae-fuel.html