1. Phylum Echinodermata 1

2. 2 Defining Characteristics – A complex series of fluid filled canals with numerous flexible feeding and locomotory appendages – 5 pointed radial symmetry in adult

3. Phylum Echinodermata 3 Echinoderms Skeleton Have an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate – Ossicles vary in size and structure and are manufactured by specialized cells Feeding biology?

4. Phylum Echinodermata 4 Water vascular system A separate coelom is used with interconnecting fluid filled tubes and canals A ring canal circles the mouth and gives off 5 radial canals The radial canal is exposed and runs along the ambulacral groove

5. Phylum Echinodermata 5 Water Vascular System

6. Phylum Echinodermata 6 Tube Feet The ampullae is a small ball that sits above the tube foot Contraction and expansion of the ampulla accomplishes movement

7. Phylum Echinodermata 7 Mutable Connective Tissue Another unique Echinodermata characteristic is the presence of mutable connective tissue

8. Phylum Echinodermata 8 Taxonomic Summary Phylum Echinodermata – Class Crinoidea – Class Concentricycloidea – Class Stelleroidea Subclass Asteroidea Subclass Ophiuroidea – Class Echinoidea – Class Holothuroidea

9. Phylum Echinodermata 9 Subclass Asteroidea

10. Phylum Echinodermata 10 Sea Stars The oral surface of each arm has a single ambulacral groove Have a large coelom where all the main organs occur

11. Phylum Echinodermata 11 Sea Star Feeding Feed mainly on slow moving, sedentary, or sessile invertebrates Some species evert the stomach onto prey and digest externally, others swallow whole

12. Phylum Echinodermata 12 Pedicellariae Specialized pinchers found on the aboral surface.

13. Phylum Echinodermata 13 Reproduction Can reproduce asexually by disk division Sexual Reproduction – Dioecious with sperm or eggs produced in 2 or more gonads in each arm – Larval stage = bipinnaria

14. Phylum Echinodermata 14 Regeneration Many species autotomize, leaving predators with a nutritious souvenir while they escape Most spp. can regenerate from fragments that include the disk

15. Phylum Echinodermata 15 Subclass Ophiuroidea Defining Characteristics – Well-developed ossicles in the arms forming a system of articulating vertebrae – The oral surface bears 5 pair of bursal sacs

16. Phylum Echinodermata 16 Brittle Star Structure

17. Phylum Echinodermata 17 Reproduction Similar to Asteroids; yet a pluteus larva is formed Regenerate well, and one spp., in our area reproduces asexually by disk division

18. Phylum Echinodermata 18 Class Echinoidea Defining characteristics – Ossicles are joined to form a rigid test – Adults possess a feeding structure called Aristotle’s lantern Two attributes: mobile spines, and hollow skeleton or test

19. Phylum Echinodermata 19 Sea Urchin Structure

20. Phylum Echinodermata 20 Pedicellariae Pedicellariae prevent fouling of test and are used in defense More complex than sea stars and are located on tall moveable stalks

21. Phylum Echinodermata 21 Ingestion and Digestion Feed on alga material, encrusting bryozoans or scavenge – Food is chopped by 5 sharp pointed teeth – The digestive system is long to deal with vegetable manner – The anus is located aborally

22. Phylum Echinodermata 22 Reproduction Most conspicuous organs are those responsible for reproduction At spawning the entire coelom will fill with sperm or eggs Pluteus larva is formed

23. Phylum Echinodermata 23 Sand Dollars Irregular: non- spherical variously depressed – Anus is shifted to the oral surface posterior to the mouth creating bilateral symmetry

24. Phylum Echinodermata 24 Class Holothuroidea Defining characteristics – Worm shaped body, greatly elongated along the aboral and oral axis – The calcareous ossicles are reduced in size and embedded individually in the body wall – Highly branched muscular respiratory structures

25. Phylum Echinodermata 25 Holothuroidea Feeding Possess retractile feeding tentacle that surrounds the mouth While suspension or deposit feeding each tentacle is cleaned in the mouth

26. Phylum Echinodermata 26 Holothuroidea Structure

27. Phylum Echinodermata 27 Ossicles Although somewhat soft they do have an internal skeleton – The skeletal elements (ossicles) are microscopic with complex shapes – May compose up to 80% of the dry body weight

28. Phylum Echinodermata 28 Respiration Respiratory trees

29. Phylum Echinodermata 29 Defense Many spp. have powerful toxins in the body wall Cuverian tubules – Sticky and toxic tentacles which are shot out the anus Also eviscerates to avoid predation – Internal organs regenerate after a period of time