1. Eukarya Eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells Examples: – plants – animals – fungi – algae – single-celled animal-like protozoa

2. Protists Eukaryotic; but comprises its own Kingdom Protista – Algae - aquatic, photosynthetic organisms – Diatoms – Dinoflagellates – Protozoans – Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Ciliates Single and multi-cellular

3. Unicellular Algae Green Algae – Mostly freshwater and terrestrial – 10% of species are marine Brown Algae – Almost all species are marine – Sargassum (Sargasso seaweed) – Macrocystis (Giant Kelp) plants grow up to 300 ft can grow 20”/day form kelp beds or kelp forests Harvested for Algin (used in cosmetics and ice cream). Red Algae – Agar and carrageenan: gelling and thickening agents

4. Diatoms Extremely diverse and distinct members of marine phytoplankton – Unicellular Diatom structure – Enclosed in a box-shaped organic cell wall with silica (SiO2), called a frustule – Holes in cell wall allow cholorplast to capture light and dissolved gases to enter.

6. Dinoflagellates – Unicellular protists with 2 flagella (used for motility) – Globular, plated outer “shell” that is made of cellulose – Photosynthetic, but also can absorb nutrients – Most are planktonic (primary producers) – Can be bioluminescent – Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico (pg. 97) Red tides – produce toxin in water when in Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

8. Amoeboid Protozoans Unicellular Protists All have an organelle called a pseudopod—an extension of the cell surface that can change shape and is used for locomotion and food capture Are heterotrophs consuming bacteria and other small organisms

9. Amoeboid Protozoans

10. Major Protozoans: – Foraminiferans – Radiolarians – Ciliates

11. Amoeboid Protozoans Foraminiferans (forams) – have branched pseudopods that form elaborate, net-like structures used to: snare prey crawl reduce sinking rate (pelagic) – consume bacteria and diatoms – some harbor symbiotic green and red algae and zooxanthellae – Have shell (test) made from CaCO 3 – Bottom of the ocean (benthic)

12. Foraminiferans

13. White Cliffs of Dover

14. Radiolarians Unicellular protists Planktonic (primary producers) Shells make of silica (glass) Contains a needle-like pseudopodia Dead remains cover large portions of the ocean bottom as radiolarian ooze.radiolarian ooze

15. Radiolarians

16. Ciliates – protozoans that have cilia (hair-like growths) for locomotion and for gathering food membranelles—tufts or long rows of fused adjacent cilia Heterotrophs – cytostome—an organelle serving as a permanent site for phagocytosis of food – planktonic major links in marine food chains – form symbiotic and parasitic relationships – Paramecium

17. Ciliates

18. Fungi General features of fungi – eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin – filamentous fungi grow into long, multi-cellular filaments called hyphae that can branch to produce a tangled mass called a mycelium – Important to marine ecosystems as heterotrophic decomposers that recycle organic material

19. Maritime Lichens Lichens: mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga – fungi are usually ascomycotes – algae are usually green or blue-green bacteria The fungus provides attachment, general structure, minerals, moisture The alga produces organic matter through photosynthesis

20. Marine Viruses Viruses are diverse and are more abundant than any other organism in the sea Have significance for marine food webs, population biology and diseases of marine organisms Viruses of marine eukaryotic hosts first reported in the 1970s

21. Biodiversity and Distribution of Marine Viruses 10 times more abundant than marine prokaryotes, may reach 10 10 virons per liter of seawater, 10 13 per kilogram of sediment Estimated 100 to 10,000 genotypes Most planktonic viruses are icosahdral or binal bacteriophages (“bacteria eaters”) with lytic life cycles Sediment viruses are typically helical and lysogenic

22. Marine Microbes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TmHlcM DIOQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TmHlcM DIOQ