1. BLEACHING

2. Bleaching agents are compounds which are used to remove colour from substances such as textiles, skin, teeth, hair etc. In earlier times textiles were bleached by exposure to the sun and air.

3. Today most commercial bleaches are oxidizing agents, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which are quite effective in "decolourising" substances via oxidation.

5. The decolourising action of bleaches is due in part to their ability to remove these electrons which are activated by visible light to produce the various colours.

6. The hypochlorite ion (OCl-), found in many commercial preparations, is reduced to chloride ions and hydroxide ions forming a basic solution as it accepts electrons from the coloured material as shown on the next slide.

8. Bleaches are often combined with "optical brighteners"
Bleaches are often combined with "optical brighteners". They are capable of absorbing wavelengths of ultraviolet light invisible to the human eye, and converting these wavelengths to blue or blue-green light.

9. Chlorine, Cl2, reacts with water to produce hypochlorite, OCl-
Chlorine, Cl2, reacts with water to produce hypochlorite, OCl-. The position of the equilibrium depends very much upon the pH of the solution.
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) OCl- (aq) + 2H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

10. Carotene with chromophores

11. Colour in organic materials is the result of light absorption by certain chemical configurations called chromophores in molecules. C=C and C=O bonds are examples of chromophores.

12. A chromophore, eg C=C and C=O, is a part of a molecule that is able to absorb UV or visible light and producing colour in organic compounds.

13. Oxidising bleaches break up these double bonds
Reducing bleaches convert double bonds to single bonds

14. Comparing bleaching actions
Chlorine water chlorine bleach
Aqueous
sulfur dioxide
1.Species responsible for the bleaching
HOCl(aq)
SO2(aq)

15. Comparing bleaching actions
Chlorine water chlorine bleach
Aqueous
sulfur dioxide
2. Is the bleaching by oxidation or reduction?
By oxidation
By reduction

16. Comparing bleaching actions
Chlorine water chlorine bleach
Aqueous
sulfur dioxide
3. Is the bleaching effect permanent?
Original colour will be restored later
Last for a long time

17. Comparing bleaching actions
Chlorine water chlorine bleach
Aqueous
sulfur dioxide
4. Rate of bleaching?
Faster and more vigorous
Slower and milder

18. Comparing bleaching actions
Chlorine water chlorine bleach
Aqueous
sulfur dioxide
5. What does it bleach?
Wool, silk, paper, some food
Cotton, linen, some food stains

19. Production of safe drinking water the world over
Production of safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated.

20. extensively used in the production of paper products, dye stuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products

21. most chlorine is used in the manufacture of chlorinated cleaning compounds, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing

22. manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
used for the extraction of bromine
PVC pipe used to provide safe drinking water

24. Dioxin enters the environment in several different ways:
The manufacture of certain herbicides
The manufacture of bleached paper
The burning of PVC plastics