1. INTRODUCTION

2. The Oxygen Transport System

3. I. Pulmonary Ventilation Movement of Air in & out of the Lungs 3

4. . V The amount of Air ventilated by the lungs in one Minute. V E Volume Expired in One Minute A. Minute Ventilation. V The amount of Air ventilated by the lungs in one Minute. V E Volume Expired in One Minute 4

5. Tidal Volume (TV) The volume of Air ventilated per Breath Frequency (f) The Number of Breaths/minute V E = TV x f M inute ventilation =TV x f 5

6. Ventilation during Exercise Exhaustion REST 6

7. Ventilation as a Limit to Performance Performance is not limited by ventilation Ventilation will INCREASE out of proportion to workload so that HYPERVENTILATION Ventilation becomes greater than Necessary- HYPERVENTILATION - excessive movement of air in & out caused by increased depth and frequency of breathing and resulting in elimination of CO 2 7

8. II. Alveolar Ventilation Alveoli AIR (O 2 ) into lungs Alveoli blood Tiny air sacs deep in lung which have contact with the Pulmonary Capillaries to exchange gases 8

9. II. Alveolar Ventilation those areas of the body that air enters but does not go into the alveoli - hence - NO GAS EXCHANGE DEAD SPACE 9

10. Ventilation and Smoking 10 Shortness of Breath Increased Airway Resistance –Respiratory Muscles work Harder to ventilate - thus, these muscles require MORE Oxygen Results in LESS Oxygen for Skeletal Muscles

11. Pulmonary Ventilation Endurance Ventilation and Smoking MAXIMUM Oxygen Consumption 11 VO 2 max = the max rate at which O 2 can be consumed per minute

12. Sudden transition of feeling distress or fatigue early in prolonged exercise to a more comfortable feeling later in exercise Possible Causes include: –slow ventilatory adjustments brought on by the breathlessness felt early’ –Removal of lactic acid built early from delayed blood flow changes –Relief from muscle fatigue –Adequate Warm-up –Psychological factors Second Wind 12

13. Occurs early in prolonged exercise and subsides as exercise continues Sharp Pain or “Stitch “ in side or rib cage area May interfer w/ exercise- must stop Possible Causes include: –HYPOXIA or lack of O 2 in Resp Muscles –occurs more in Untrained athletes Stitch in Side 13

14. GAS EXCHANGE II. GAS EXCHANGE TWO TYPESTWO TYPES –Alveolar Capillary Membrane –Tissue Capillary Membrane Exchange of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide between the Air and Blood 14

15. Alveolar Capillary Membrane Thin layer of tissue that separates air in Aleoli from blood in Capillaries 1st EXCHANGE of O 2 and CO 2 15

16. Capillary with RBC Tissue Capillary Membrane Thin capillary membrane between blood and tissues in body 2nd EXCHANGE of O 2 and CO 2 16

17. GAS EXCHANGE by DIFFUSION Movement of gases from higher concentrations to lower concentrations Diffusion Gradient Diffusion Gradient= Minus pp of gas in highest conc. Minus the pp of gas in venous blood 17

18. Partial Pressure Partial Pressure The pressure exerted by gas in relation to the % or concentration of the gas within a volume At sea Level- alveolar pO 2 =100mmHbg = 100% sat Hbg 18

19. Diffusion Gradients dependent on Partial pressures (p) of gas in 2 different areas Alveoli pO 2 HIGH Blood pO 2 LOW Alveoli pCO 2 LOW Blood pCO 2 HIGH 19

20. Diffusion Capacity in Athletes Alveolar- Capillary diffusion is greater during max exercise in (endurance) athletes than Nonathletes see Table 8.5 20

21. NEW SECTION

22. Transport of Gases by the Blood O 2 and CO 2 are carried in the blood by: O XYHEMOGLOBIN 1.Chemical Combination- O XYHEMOGLOBIN Hb + O 2 = HbO 2 2. Dissolved in Plasma 22

23. Oxyhemoglobin

24. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Fig. 8.8- Relationship between Amt of HbO 2 and Partial Pressure of O 2 Hb O 2 Saturation Increases as Partial Pressure of O 2 Increases 23

25. Smoking and Oxyhemoglobin Comparison of the oxygen dissociation curves of normal blood, blood containing 20%, 40% and 60% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and blood from a severely anemic patient. 25

26. BLOOD DOPING or Blood Boosting The removal and then- reinfusion of blood Done to temporarily increase blood volume Overloading would then increase O 2 and theoretically lead to INCREASED Endurance see Fig. 8.7- ability to run 5 miles faster 26

27. Transport of CO 2 Carbon Dioxide Transport H 2 CO 2 CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 2 H + + H - CO 3 CA Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate ion 27

28. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three major forms: 1. dissolved (a little) 2. as bicarbonate and H+ (a lot) 3. attached to hemoglobin as a carbamino compound. Loading of CO 2 from tissue to blood and associated O 2 release from blood to tissue. 28

29. Anatomy of the Heart 29

30. BLooD FloW through the HeaRt Establishment of the four-chambered heart, along with the pulmonary and systemic circuits, completely separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood. Fig8.9, p. 201 30

31. Valves direct Blood Flow 31

32. 32 Blood Flow to the Body

33. 33

34. 34

35. Blood Vessels and Flow Changes 35A

36. The Heart MUSCLE Myocardium Intercalated Discs connect the individual fibers of muscle to act as ONE BIG FIBER: Functional Syncytium When one fiber contracts- all fibers contract 35

37. Conduction System SA node 36 SAnode PACEMAKER

38. Conduction System AV N ode 37 AV node Bundle of His PURKINJI FIBERS

39. Electrical System in Review 38

40. Blood Supply to the Heart 39

41. Blood Supply to the Heart 40 Coronary Arteries Coronary Veins Coronary Vessels 40

42. Coronary vessels branch from Aorta: L Coronary Artery & R Coronary Artery 41

43. Blood Supply to the Heart Coronary Veins Coronary Sinus Right Atrium 42

44. CARDIAC OUTPUT.Q CARDIAC OUTPUT = CARDIAC OUTPUT L/min 2 Components STROKE VOLUME (SV) HEART RATE (HR) SV ( x HR ( SV (ML/BEAT) x HR (BEATS/MIN) 43

45. CARDIAC OUTPUT Cardiac Output increases for Endurance Athletes 44

46. HEART RATE & EXERCISE 45 HEART RATE SUBMAX EXERCISE Max EXERCISE REST

47. Exercise & Blood Flow Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction of Arterioles to Inactive Organs Vasodilation Vasodilation of Arterioles to ActiveMuscles 46

48. The arterial- mixed venous differenceThe arterial- mixed venous difference (a- v O 2 diff) Affected by: – the Amt. Of O 2 extracted by muscles – overall distribution of blood flow –O 2 extracted-- a-v O 2 diff -- – ENDURANCE »since less O 2 in venous blood O 2 Transport and Endurance 47

49. O 2 Transport and Endurance Performance is affected by: 1. VO 2 max 1. VO 2 max max O 2 consumption 2. Anerobic Threshold % of VO 2 max utilized in relation to Lactic acid production 3. Degree of Efficiency 48

50. Lactic Acid Accumulation begins only after a certain % VO 2 max is reached- this starting point is ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD VO 2 / VO 2 max x 100 = % VO 2 max VO 2 used / VO 2 max x 100 = % VO 2 max O 2 Transport and Endurance 49

51. O 2 Transport and Endurance Efficiency of O 2 Transport System Amt of O 2 Required during a given Exercise level VO 2 max If you require less of your VO 2 max you will be less fatigued and able to run faster or farther= MORE EFFICIENT 50

52. O 2 Transport & Acclimatization Acclimatization: the process of adapting performance levels to a higher Altitude Physiological Changes: Hyperventilation Increased Hemoglobin Concentration 51