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Aquatic Biodiversity Chapter 8
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Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (1)
Biodiversity Formation Important ecological and economic services Moderate atmospheric temperatures Act as natural barriers protecting coasts from erosion Provide habitats Support fishing and tourism businesses Provide jobs and building materials Studied and enjoyed
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Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (2)
Degradation and decline Coastal development Pollution Overfishing Warmer ocean temperatures leading to coral bleaching Increasing ocean acidity
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The Great Barrier Reef – Australia
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8-1 What Is the General Nature of Aquatic Systems?
Concept 8-1A Saltwater and freshwater life zones cover almost three-fourths of the earth’s surface with oceans dominating the planet. Concept 8-1B The key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems are temperature, dissolved oxygen content, availability of food and availability of light and nutrients necessary for photosynthesis.
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Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water (1)
Saltwater: global ocean divided into 4 areas Atlantic Pacific Arctic Indian Freshwater
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Saltwater and Freshwater Biomes
Saltwater: marine Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelines Coral reefs Mangrove forests Freshwater Lakes Rivers and streams Inland wetlands
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The Ocean Planet
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Distribution of the World’s Major Saltwater and Freshwater Sources
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Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water
Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Ultraplankton Nekton Benthos Decomposers
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Distribution in water Key factors in the distribution of organisms
Temperature Dissolved oxygen content Availability of food Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic, or photic, zone
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8-2 Why Are Marine Aquatic Systems Important?
Concept 8-2 Saltwater ecosystems are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity and provide major ecological and economic services.
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Oceans Provide Important Ecological and Economic Resources
Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones Coastal zone Usually high NPP Open sea Ocean bottom
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NATURAL CAPITAL Marine Ecosystems Ecological Services
Economic Services Climate moderation Food CO2 absorption Animal and pet feed Nutrient cycling Pharmaceuticals Waste treatment Harbors and transportation routes Reduced storm impact (mangroves, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Coastal habitats for humans Figure 8.4 Major ecological and economic services provided by marine systems (Concept 8-2). Question: Which two ecological services and which two economic services do you think are the most important? Why? Recreation Habitats and nursery areas Employment Oil and natural gas Genetic resources and biodiversity Minerals Scientific information Building materials Fig. 8-4, p. 165
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Euphotic Zone Continental shelf
High tide Low tide Sun Depth in meters Coastal Zone Open Sea Sea level Photosynthesis 50 Euphotic Zone Estuarine Zone 100 Continental shelf 200 500 Bathyal Zone Twilight 1,000 1,500 2,000 Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline . Abyssal Zone 3,000 Figure 8.5 Natural capital: major life zones and vertical zones (not drawn to scale) in an ocean. Actual depths of zones may vary. Available light determines the euphotic, bathyal and abyssal zones. Temperature zones also vary with depth, shown here by the red curve. Question: How is an ocean like a rain forest? (Hint: see Figure 7-17, p. 156.) Darkness 4,000 5,000 10,000 5 10 15 20 25 30 Water temperature (°C) Fig. 8-5, p. 166
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Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (1)
River mouths Inlets Bays Sounds Salt marshes Mangrove forests Seagrass Beds Support a variety of marine species Stabilize shorelines Reduce wave impact
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Some Components and Interactions in a Salt Marsh Ecosystem in a Temperate Area
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Figure 8.7 Some components and interactions in a salt marsh ecosystem in a temperate area such as the United States. When these organisms die, decomposers break down their organic matter into minerals used by plants. Colored arrows indicate transfers of matter and energy between consumers (herbivores), secondary or higher-level consumers (carnivores), and decomposers. Organisms are not drawn to scale. The photo shows a salt marsh in Peru. Fig. 8-7b, p. 167
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Mangrove Forest in Daintree National Park in Queensland, Australia
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Mangroves near Miami, FL
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Me and Barry Tomlinson in Mangroves
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Galapagos
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Real flowering plants, related to grasses Ecologically important
Seagrasses Real flowering plants, related to grasses Ecologically important Threatened
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Seagrasses are NOT algae!
Algae lack a special chamber for young plant to develop Algae lack specialized leaves, stems, and roots Point out that in picture of Ulva sp. (sea lettuce), there is no definable difference in the cells, i.e., one couldn’t point to a leaf cell, a stem cell, or a root cell. now.ifmo.ru/ biofoul/hk.htm
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Seagrasses are PLANTS! Special chamber for young plant development
Have specialized structures: leaves, stems, roots Specialized structures for reproduction Remind students of differences between plants and algae
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Habitat Thalassia testudinum is flat and ribbon-like, it is also known as turtlegrass Syringodium filiforme has terete (rounded) leaves and is also known as manatee grass. These images are from
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Habitat for fish and algae
There is a fish in this picture. The cloudy stuff on the Thalassia is epiphytic algae.
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Habitat This shot is to show how shallow the water is in seagrass habitat. This picture was taken at Matheson Hammock Wading Beach, FL.
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Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (2)
Important ecological and economic services Coastal aquatic systems maintain water quality by filtering Toxic pollutants Excess plant nutrients Sediments Absorb other pollutants Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats Reduce storm damage and coast erosion
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View of an Estuary from Space
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Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms
Intertidal zone Rocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beaches Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes Importance of sand dunes
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Rocky Shore Beach Barrier Beach Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab
High tide Periwinkle Sea urchin Anemone Mussel Low tide Sculpin Barnacles Kelp Sea lettuce Rocky Shore Beach Monterey flatworm Beach flea Nudibranch Peanut worm Tiger beetle Blue crab Clam Dwarf olive High tide Figure 8.9 Living between the tides. Some organisms with specialized niches found in various zones on rocky shore beaches (top) and barrier or sandy beaches (bottom). Organisms are not drawn to scale. Sandpiper Ghost shrimp Silversides Low tide Mole shrimp Barrier Beach White sand macoma Sand dollar Moon snail Fig. 8-9, p. 169
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Primary and Secondary Dunes
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Coral Reefs Are Amazing Centers of Biodiversity
Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests Habitats for one-fourth of all marine species
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Green sea turtle Banded coral shrimp Symbiotic algae
Gray reef shark Sea nettle Green sea turtle Parrot fish Blue tang Fairy basslet Sergeant major Algae Brittle star Hard corals Banded coral shrimp Phytoplankton Coney Symbiotic algae Coney Zooplankton Figure 8.11 Natural capital: some components and interactions in a coral reef ecosystem. When these organisms die, decomposers break down their organic matter into minerals used by plants. Colored arrows indicate transfers of matter and energy between producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary or higher-level consumers (carnivores), and decomposers. Organisms are not drawn to scale. Blackcap basslet Sponges Moray eel Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All consumers and producers to decomposers Fig. 8-11, p. 171
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The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species
Vertical zones of the open sea Euphotic zone Bathyal zone Abyssal zone: receives marine snow Deposit feeders Filter feeders Upwellings Primary productivity and NPP
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8-3 How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems?
Concept 8-3 Human activities threaten aquatic biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by saltwater systems.
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Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems
Major threats to marine systems Coastal development Overfishing Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change from human activities Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries
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8-4 Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important?
Concept 8-4 Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecological and economic services and are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity.
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Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (1)
Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater Lakes Ponds Inland wetlands Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater Streams Rivers
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Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (2)
Formation of lakes Four zones based on depth and distance from shore Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone
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NATURAL CAPITAL Freshwater Systems Ecological Services
Economic Services Climate moderation Food Nutrient cycling Drinking water Waste treatment Irrigation water Flood control Hydroelectricity Figure 8.14 Major ecological and economic services provided by freshwater systems (Concept 8-4). Question: Which two ecological services and which two economic services do you think are the most important? Why? Groundwater recharge Habitats for many species Transportation corridors Genetic resources and biodiversity Recreation Scientific information Employment Fig. 8-14, p. 174
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Distinct Zones of Life in a Fairly Deep Temperate Zone Lake
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Some Lakes Have More Nutrients Than Others
Oligotrophic lakes Low levels of nutrients and low NPP Eutrophic lakes High levels of nutrients and high NPP Mesotrophic lakes Cultural eutrophication leads to hypereutrophic lakes
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The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on a Lake
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Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans
Surface water Runoff Watershed, drainage basin Three aquatic life zones Source zone Transition zone Floodplain zone
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Lake Rain and snow Glacier Rapids Waterfall Tributary Flood plain
Source Zone Transition Zone Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Deposited sediment Ocean Water Sediment Floodplain Zone Figure 8.17 Three zones in the downhill flow of water: source zone containing mountain (headwater) streams; transition zone containing wider, lower-elevation streams; and floodplain zone containing rivers, which empty into the ocean. Stepped Art Fig. 8-17, p. 176
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Case Study: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans
Coastal deltas, mangrove forests, and coastal wetlands: natural protection against storms Dams and levees reduce sediments in deltas: significance? New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005 Global warming, sea rise, and New Orleans
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New Orleans, Louisiana, (U.S.) and Hurricane Katrina
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Projection of New Orleans if the Sea Level Rises 0.9 Meter
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Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (1)
Marshes Swamps Prairie potholes Floodplains Arctic tundra in summer
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Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (2)
Provide free ecological and economic services Filter and degrade toxic wastes Reduce flooding and erosion Help to replenish streams and recharge groundwater aquifers Biodiversity Food and timber Recreation areas
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8-5 How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems?
Concept 8-5 Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by freshwater lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
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Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Freshwater Systems
Impact of dams and canals on rivers Impact of flood control levees and dikes along rivers Impact of pollutants from cities and farms on rivers Impact of drained wetlands
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Case Study: Inland Wetland Losses in the United States
Loss of wetlands has led to Increased flood and drought damage Lost due to Growing crops Mining Forestry Oil and gas extraction Building highways Urban development
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