1. What is a Reef ? What is a Reef ? Coral Reef Geology Wilson Ramirez

2.  Mariners  Can I hit my keel on it (i.e., shallow)  Biologists  Biologically abundant and diverse assemblage  Geologists  Biologically built  Wave resistant  Stands above its surroundings Perspective….what is a reef?

3.  Mariners  Can I hit my keel on it (i.e., shallow)  Biologists  Biologically abundant and diverse assemblage  Geologists  Biologically built  Wave resistant  Stands above its surroundings Perspective….what is a reef? Canning Basin, Australia (Devonian) Palau, Oceania

4. Canning Basin, Australia (Devonian) Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico

7. A Geologist’s Reef

8. Reef Definition “the vast majority of of ancient reef deposits are comprised not of in-place, interlocking framework, but rather are loose assemblages with reef-building organisms ‘floating’ in a matrix of reef-derived debris” Hubbard (1997, p. 43 )

9. Reef Definition Stanley (2001) “Growth of biological framework on modern shallow reefs is rapid….” “…it is counterbalanced by highly destructive (recycling) processes…”

10.  Constructed of material of biological origin  Rigid structure, owing to either interlocked and in place framework elements or of re­worked framework elements bound together by secondary encrustation or cementation  Stands topographically above the surrounding seascape and, therefore, exerts at least local control on oceanographic processes  The majority of the framework elements were formed in an environment similar to the one in which they were ultimately deposited “Reef” definition

11. Tucker & Wright

12. A Geologic Reef  Rigid, & wave resistant  Elevated - affect local oceanography  Near sea level?

13. Let’s put this into a geological perspective… The reef is "apparent" i.e., no topography actually occurred in the past

14. An oyster bank is not wave resistant, but in time a thick sequence could result from upward layered accumulation. Stratigraphic reef

15. Topography at the time of deposition

16. Fossil reef with in place structural elements – Acropora palmata Ecologic reef accumulation

17. BIOHERM A B Question: What differences will we see at A versus B?

18. BIOSTROME e.g., a coral”carpet” No significant topography A B Question: What differences will we see at A versus B?

19. Biostrome vs. Bioherm No Original Relief Relief During Deposition

20. Coral Growth How do we get rigid, elevated structures?  Construction  Corals  Other calcifiers  Destruction  Fish  Urchins  Borers  Encrustation  Cementation

21. Corals Grow Corals Grow Reefs Accrete (or build) Reefs Accrete (or build) Sediment production and redistribution