1. Kingdom Animalia

2. Important phyla features
1) Evolution of tissues
Present in all but one group (Phylum Porifera: sponges)
Called ________________.
Animals with tissues (all other phyla) called Eumetazoa.

3. Important phyla features
2) Evolution of symmetry
Sponges lack definite _______________
Radial symmetry: characterize Radiata (Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora)

4. Important phyla features
2) Evolution of bilateral symmetry
Other animal phyla have bilateral symmetry
Note dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior
Note _____________: clustering of senses and nervous system at one end of body

5. Important phyla features
3) Evolution of a body cavity
Acoelomates: no ______________. Outside from ectoderm, gut from endoderm, in-between from mesoderm

6. Important phyla features
3) Evolution of a body cavity
Pseudocoelomates: body cavity between mesoderm and ________________

7. Important phyla features
3) Evolution of a body cavity
Coelomates: body cavity (coelom) develops within mesoderm. Organs suspended in it. ____________: epithelium cells lining coelom

8. Important phyla features
3) Evolution of a body cavity
Problem: cavity needs circulation system (blood)
Open system: blood dumped into _________ and mixes with body fluids
Closed system: blood kept within ___________

9. Important phyla features
4) Protostome vs. deuterostome development
Paths of embryonic development: does _________ become mouth or anus?

10. Important phyla features
4) Protostome vs. deuterostome development
Other: cleavage pattern, ____________ formation
Also: any cell in deuterostome embryo can develop into complete organism, but not protostome

11. Important phyla features
5) Segmentation
Divide body into sections along its length
allows ______________ of systems (damage to one not fatal)
allows greater movement complexity as ________ expand/contract/interact

12. Phylogeny of animals
Uncertain

13. Subkingdoms 1) Parazoa: Lack symmetry, lack ____________
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
2) Eumetazoa: Have definite shape and symmetry. Have tissues, and usually these organized into organs (groups of tissues with specific structure and function)
Radiata: Have 2 embryonic layers. Ectoderm (outer) and endoderm (inner). ___________________.
Bilateria: Have 3 embryonic layers: Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (middle layer). _____________.

14. Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Covered in Lab 6
Sea anemone (Cnidaria)
with symbiotic fish

15. Phylum Porifera Parazoa: Lack symmetry, lack _____________
About 5000 species, almost all marine
Larva (immature stage) swims, adult is sessile (attached to ocean bottom)
Have multiple cell types, but little ___________ among cells
“Glass” sponges from 1400 feet down

16. Phylum Porifera Osculum: large opening
Water flows thru pores, driven by __________ of choanocytes

17. Phylum Porifera
Collar of choanocytes traps food particles (ingested by cell)
Digestion __________________
Spicules (hard) and spongin (spongy) fibers

18. Phylum Porifera
Spicules and spongin fibers (protein): give body shape and protection
Spicules

19. Phylum Porifera Other cells: epithelium pore
amoebocyte (move about and secrete spicules and spongin fibers)

20. Phylum Porifera
Other cells obtain food by transfer from _______________
Note spongocoel: large internal cavity. NOT a true digestive cavity since digestion intracellular.

21. Phylum Porifera Body complexity 1) simple (Scypha) 2) intermediate
3) complex (common)
Note spongocoel and where choanocytes located in each type.
Scypha sponges

22. Phylum Porifera Reproduction:
Asexual by _____________. Can pass some sponges through silk mesh and they’ll reform!
Sexual: some _____________ make sperms and eggs, these then make swimming larva
Larva settles and starts to grow into mature sponge.

23. Phylum Porifera Sponge importance/uses:
Original source of ________ sponges
Greek sponge fishermen
and processors (Mediterranean
Sea)

24. Phylum Porifera Sponge importance/uses:
Consumers/habitat feature in marine _________
Some contain potentially useful chemicals
some toxic to fish and used as insecticides
HIV treatment? One sponge chemical interferes with HIV virus
Cancer treatment? ______________: compounds that inhibit tumor growth
Sponge inhabited
by crab

25. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have tissues
Embryos with ectoderm (becomes epidermis tissue and nerves) and endoderm (becomes digestive tissue: gastrodermis). _____________.
Note no mesoderm.

26. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Have mouth and digestive (gastrovascular) cavity. Extracellular digestion (can eat big things!). Incomplete digestive tract (no anus).
____________ is tissue (produced by ectoderm) between epidermis and gastrodermis that contains muscles
Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack organs

27. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Almost all marine. About _________ species.
Carnivores. Capture prey with stinging tentacles.

28. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Body forms: polyp (sessile) and medusa (swimming)
Each with gastrodermis, epidermis, mesoglea

29. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Many have polyps and medusae as parts of life cycle
Make swimming planula larva
Example: Obelia
Note asexual reproduction of polyps by _________

30. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Body structure of polyp (Ex, Hydra)
Note digestion is extracellular (outside of individual cells) in gut cavity. Individual cells ingest food particles by ________________.

31. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes).
Cnidocytes contain ______________ (harpoon)

32. Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)
Usually with polyp and medusa stages
Exs, Obelia (marine), Hydra (freshwater)
Bottom view of medusa of Obelia, with _____________, mouth visible.

33. Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)
Ex, Portuguese man-of-war
Colony of four types of polyps
float polyp
feeding polyps
tentacle polyps
gamete polyps

34. Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Only about 200 species, _____________
Medusa stage largest part of life cycle
Swim using contractions of bell

35. Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Anatomy

36. Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
Similar to jellyfish, but tentacles at end of box-shaped body
Small group: 20 species.

37. Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
Can be deadly. Ex, Australian stinger.
Nematocysts packed into rings on tentacles.
100 deaths in last century due to extensive stings

38. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Largest cnidarian group (6200 species), marine
Sea anemones:
Have only _________ stage.
Solitary (don’t form colony).
Make no exoskeleton.

39. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Body a tube: oral disk (with mouth) surrounded by tentacles, pedal disk attaches tube to bottom
Pharynx and gastrovascular cavity process ______.

40. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Sea anemone symbionts
anemonefishes (28 species): not stung (due to ______ on fish body). Can be species-specific.

41. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Sea anemone symbionts
some have algae living in tissues (zooxanthellae)
can give anemone color
deep sea anemones lack these.
The submersible,
Alvin
A deep sea anemone

42. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones /corals)
Also have only polyp stage but are _____________.
Many secrete exoskeleton of calcium carbonate (stony corals).

43. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Corals: Help form coral reefs.

44. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Stony corals: Have exoskeletons, and many tentacles per polyp.

45. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
Soft corals: Do not have exoskeletons. Have only ______ tentacles per polyp.

46. Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals)
_________ examples include gorgonians, leather corals, and sea pens
Leather corals (3 ft tall)
Sea
pens
Gorgonians

47. Coral Reefs Diverse: maybe 1-3 million species present
30% of ocean fish species, ______% of ocean area
High productivity
Marine “__________”: many fish spend some time (including larval stages) at reefs.

48. Coral Reefs
Recall coral biology: polyps contain photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae)
Algae produce up to ______% of energy used by polyp.

49. Coral Reefs
Unusually warm water may cause corals to expel _________________
“Bleached” coral may die
1998 El Niño Event: warm water widespread in Tropics.
A bleaching coral from Micronesia

50. Coral Reefs 1998 El Niño event Indian Ocean: up to 85% coral mortality
Great Barrier Reef (Australia): 87% of inshore reefs bleached
Florida Keys: 40-90% of reefs bleached.

51. Coral Reefs Many other threats: Global climate change Pollution
Sedimentation
Overharvesting
Blasting (dynamiting): fishing technique

52. Coral Reefs Many other threats:
________ fishing: capture fish for aquarium trade or for live food fish in oriental markets

53. Coral Reefs 2002 report (Status of The Coral Reefs of the World 2002)
27% of reefs already severely damaged/destroyed
14% more expected to be severely damaged/destroyed in next years
August 2003 article (in journal: Science)
30% of coral reefs severely damaged
60% projected severely damaged by 2030.

54. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have ____________
Embryos with ectoderm, endoderm. Have epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea.
Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack ___________
Small group: 100 species

55. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Have mouth and anal pore (complete digestive tract)
Have comblike plates of __________, used to swim.

56. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Many are ________________

57. Importance Invasive species North American comb jelly
About 10 cm in length
Predatory: eats small fish and fish larvae.

58. Introduced into Black Sea in ship ballast
Now in Caspian Sea, some in Mediterranean.

59. Importance Detected in 1982 By 1989 was ____% of biomass in Black Sea
Destroyed $250 million/yr fishery there.

60. Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Covered in Lab 6
Sea anemone (Cnidaria)
with symbiotic fish

61. Eumetazoa: Bilaterian Acoelomates
Bilateral symmetry
Acoelomates: no ___________, but 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
Focus on Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

62. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
20,000 species. Most (75%) are parasites. Others aquatic or soil terrestrial habitats
Marine flatworm
Planaria

63. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Body solid: only cavity is __________
Gut is incomplete (1 opening). Digestion mainly _________________.
Have head, organs. Pharynx: acts as mouth and anus

64. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Have __________ system (protonephridia, containing flame cells)
Control water content, excrete wastes thru excretory pore

65. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Lack __________ system. All cells must be close to gut or epidermis to receive oxygen and food (gut highly branched to aid this)

66. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
______________ (hermaphroditic): make both eggs (in ovaries) and sperm (in testes).