1. BENTHOS Type of Substrate –Hard (Rock) –Soft (Sand or Mud) P

2. BENTHOS Degree of Wave Shock –High Energy (Rock) –Low Energy (Sand or Mud) P

3. BENTHOS –Intertidal Duration of Exposure –Leads to zonation –Subtidal –Deep-Sea

4. 15_02a Zonation in a rocky intertidal P

5. 15_02b S PERIWINKLES

6. 15_02g S BARNACLES

7. 15_02i S ANEMONE

8. 15_04 S

9. 15_05b S SEA URCHINS

10. 15_06 S ALGAE

11. Zonation partly dependent on exposure, but also partly dependent on competition P

12. East side of the Galveston jetties - notice light green band of algae AND dark green of a different algae S

13. P

14. 15_08 S SAND BEACH ZONATION less obvious, but still there

15. 15_09a-e S CLAM BURROWING

16. 15_12a S Nematode Head (x804)

17. 15_12b S Amphipod (crustacean)

18. 15_12c S Polychaet (segmented worm)

19. LIVING STRATEGIES Attached Free Living Burrowing P

20. 15_14a S Kelp (attached)

21. 15_18b S Sponge (attached)

22. 15_15a S Spiny Lobster (free living)

23. 15_16 S Oyster Drill (free living)

24. S Polychaete (burrowing)

25. SIZE Macrobenthos - large organisms (lobster) –High biomass, Low productivity Meiobenthos - medium-sized (clam) –Low biomass, High productivity Microbenthos - small-sized (round worms) –Low biomass, High productivity P

26. 15_15a S Macrobenthos

27. Meiobenthos

28. 15_12a S Microbenthos

29. CORAL REEFS serve as important habitats in the tropical oceans are populated by about 25% of all fish species are presently in a severe state of decline world-wide from ocean warming, sedimentation and exploitation P

30. 15_17 P Speciation radiates from Indo-Pacific

31. 15_19 S Zonation of Coral Reefs

32. P Coral Polyps

33. S Coral Reef Fishes

34. S

35. S Coral Atoll

36. ENERGY TRANSPORT TO DEEP-SEA ORGANISMS Small sinking particles Overlapping ladders of migration Transport from land Large sinking particles P

37. 15_22 P Schematic Food Pathways

38. 15_Ctl S Baited Camera - 9600 meters

39. 15_Ctr S

40. 15_Ccl S

41. 15_Ccr S

42. 15_Cbl S

43. 15_Cbr S

44. S

45. 15_01 P DEEP-SEA BIOMASS ONLY ABOUT 1% OF BIOMASS IN SHALLOW WATER - WHY?