1. Chapter 8

2.  Biodiversity  Important ecological and economic services ◦ Moderate atmospheric temperatures ◦ Act as natural barriers protecting coasts from erosion ◦ Provide habitats ◦ Support fishing and tourism businesses ◦ Provide jobs and building materials ◦ Studied and enjoyed

3.  Degradation and decline ◦ Coastal development ◦ Pollution ◦ Overfishing ◦ Warmer ocean temperatures leading to coral bleaching ◦ Increasing ocean acidity

4. Fig. 8-11, p. 171 Gray reef shark Sea nettle Green sea turtle Blue tang Fairy basslet Parrot fish Sergeant major Hard corals Algae Brittle star Banded coral shrimp Phytoplankton Symbiotic algae Coney Zooplankton Blackcap basslet Sponges Moray eel Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All consumers and producers to decomposers

5. Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three-fourths of the earth’s surface with oceans dominating the planet. The key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems are temperature, dissolved oxygen content, availability of food and availability of light and nutrients necessary for photosynthesis.

6.  Aquatic life zones ◦ Saltwater: marine  Oceans –Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian  estuaries  Coastlands and shorelines  Coral reefs  Mangrove forests ◦ Freshwater  Lakes  Rivers and streams  Inland wetlands

9.  Plankton – weakly swimming, free floating ◦ Phytoplankton ◦ Zooplankton ◦ Ultraplankton – photosynthetic bacteria, 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean surface  Nekton – strongly swimming consumers  Benthos – bottom dwellers,(oysters,clams,worms)  Decomposers- bacteria

10.  Key factors in the distribution of organisms ◦ Temperature ◦ Dissolved oxygen content ◦ Availability of food ◦ Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic, or photic, zone

11. Saltwater ecosystems are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity and provide major ecological and economic services.

12. Fig. 8-4, p. 165 Marine Ecosystems Economic Services Climate moderation Food CO 2 absorption Animal and pet feed Nutrient cycling Pharmaceuticals Harbors and transportation routes Waste treatment Reduced storm impact (mangroves, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Coastal habitats for humans Recreation Habitats and nursery areas Employment Genetic resources and biodiversity Oil and natural gas Minerals Scientific information Building materials Ecological Services NATURAL CAPITAL

13. Fig. 8-5, p. 166 Low tide Coastal Zone Open Sea Depth in meters High tide Sun Sea level 50 Estuarine Zone Euphotic Zone 100 Photosynthesis Continental shelf 200 Bathyal Zone 500 1,000 Twilight 1,500 Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline. Abyssal Zone 2,000 3,000 4,000 Darkness 5,000 10,000 051015202530 0 Water temperature (°C)

14.  Estuaries and coastal wetlands ◦ River mouths ◦ Inlets ◦ Bays ◦ Sounds ◦ Salt marshes ◦ Mangrove forests  Seagrass Beds ◦ Support a variety of marine species ◦ Stabilize shorelines ◦ Reduce wave impact

15.  Important ecological and economic services ◦ Coastal aquatic systems maintain water quality by filtering  Toxic pollutants  Excess plant nutrients  Sediments ◦ Absorb other pollutants ◦ Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats ◦ Reduce storm damage and coast erosion

16. Fig. 8-7a, p. 167 Herring gulls Peregrine falcon Snowy egret Cordgrass Short-billed dowitcher Marsh periwinkle Phytoplankton Smelt Zooplankton and small crustaceans Soft-shelled clam Clamworm Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All consumers and producers to decomposers

17. Fig. 8-7b, p. 167

19.  Intertidal zone – area of shoreline between low and high tides ◦ Rocky shores- ◦ Sandy shores: barrier beaches  Organism must be able to avoid be being swept away or crushed by waves.  Must survive changing levels of salinity  Importance of sand dunes – first line of defense against ravages of the sea

20.  Vertical zones of the open sea ◦ Euphotic zone-brightly lit upper zone, 40% of the world’s photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels low, DO high, predatory fish ◦ Bathyal zone- dimly lit middle zone, smaller fishes ◦ Abyssal zone: dark,cold,low DO ◦ receives marine snow – dead and decaying organisms  Deposit feeders  Filter feeders ◦ Upwellings  Primary productivity and NPP /unit area low, but the seas cover so much of the earth’s surface,it is the largest contributor to earth’s overall NPP

21.  Major threats to marine systems ◦ Coastal development ◦ Overfishing ◦ Runoff of nonpoint source pollution ◦ Point source pollution ◦ Habitat destruction ◦ Introduction of invasive species ◦ Climate change from human activities ◦ Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries

22.  Largest estuary –US  Increased population  Point/Nonpoint sources  High phosphate/nitrate  Overfishing  1960 –polluted  1983-Chesapeake Bay Program

23. Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecological and economic services and are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity.

24.  Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater ◦ Lakes-vary in size, depth,nutrient content ◦ Ponds ◦ Inland wetlands  Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater ◦ Streams ◦ Rivers

25.  Formation of lakes  Four zones based on depth and distance from shore ◦ Littoral zone – near shore, shallow sunlit waters to the depth at which rooted plants stop growing, high biodiversity ◦ Limnetic zone- open, sunlit surface away from shore, sunlight extends to the depth, main source of photosynthesis, microscopic plankton ◦ Profundal zone-deep ocean water, very dark, low DO ◦ Benthic zone – bottom of the lake, decomposers, detritus feeder nourished by dead matter that falls from littoral zone

27. Fig. 8-14, p. 174 NATURAL CAPITAL Freshwater Systems Ecological Services Economic Services Climate moderationFood Nutrient cycling Drinking water Waste treatment Irrigation water Flood control Hydroelectricity Groundwater recharge Habitats for many species Transportation corridors Genetic resources and biodiversity Recreation Scientific information Employment

28.  Oligotrophic lakes ◦ Low levels of nutrients and low NPP,  Eutrophic lakes ◦ High levels of nutrients and high  Mesotrophic lakes – between the above 2 types  Cultural eutrophication ( human input of nutrients) leads to hypereutrophic lakes

29. Oligotrophic lakes Low levels of nutrients and low NPP, deep with steep banks. Water supplied by glaciers and mountain streams, crystal clear water Crater Lake in Oregon

30. Fig. 8-16a, p. 175 Stepped Art NPP- shallow, murky brown or green water with high turbidity. Lake in Western New York State The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on a Lake

31.  Surface water-precipitation that does not sink into the ground  Runoff – flows into stream  Watershed, drainage basin – land area that delivers runoff, sediment, dissolved substances  Three aquatic life zones ◦ Source zone – head waters, clear cold, fast flowing ◦ Transition zone wider, deeper, warmer streams ◦ Floodplain zone – flow across flat valleys, higher temperatures, muddy, high concentrations of silt

32. Waterfall Lake Glacier Rain and snow Rapids Source Zone Fig. 8-17, p. 176 Transition Zone Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Deposited sediment Ocean Water Sediment Floodplain Zone Stepped Art

33.  Coastal deltas, mangrove forests, and coastal wetlands: natural protection against storms  Dams and levees reduce sediments in deltas: significance?  New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005  Global warming, sea rise, and New Orleans

35.  Marshes – dominated by grasses and weeds  Swamps - dominated by trees and shrubs  Prairie potholes- depressions carved ot by ancient glaciers  Floodplains- excess water during heavy rains and floods  Arctic tundra in summer -

36.  Provide free ecological and economic services ◦ Filter and degrade toxic wastes ◦ Reduce flooding and erosion ◦ Help to replenish streams and recharge groundwater aquifers ◦ Biodiversity ◦ Food and timber ◦ Recreation areas

37.  Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic services provided by freshwater lakes, rivers, and wetlands.

38.  Impact of dams and canals on rivers  Impact of flood control levees and dikes along rivers  Impact of pollutants from cities and farms on rivers  Impact of drained wetlands

39.  Loss of wetlands has led to ◦ Increased flood and drought damage  Lost due to ◦ Growing crops ◦ Mining ◦ Forestry ◦ Oil and gas extraction ◦ Building highways ◦ Urban development