1. HW # 107- Complete Coral Reef essay prompt (due Friday) Chapter 11 Exam Friday Warm up List 3 reasons why coral reefs are in danger. Week 32, Day Two

2. Warm up Response C

3. Homework Response/Check Did you complete your reading an annotations?

4. Coral Reefs Facts Article discussion

5. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ mccarty_and_peters/coral/C-intro.htm Coral Reefs http://tools.coralreef.org/content/ objects/view.acs?object_id=545

6. Importance of Coral Reefs 0.2% of world ’ s oceans Habitat for 1/3 of marine fishes Habitat for tens of thousands of other animals The rainforests of the oceans

7. Importance of Coral Reefs PROTECTION TO COASTLINES ECONOMIC RESOURCES BIODIVERSITY NATURAL BEAUTY

8. Importance of Coral Reefs PROTECTION TO COASTLINES – absorb energy of ocean waves – reduce erosion of shoreline – storm damage – flooding

9. Importance of Coral Reefs ECONOMIC RESOURCES – Fisheries for food – Fisheries for jobs – Tourism – Building materials – Aquarium trade

10. Importance of Coral Reefs BIODIVERSITY – The rainforests of the sea – Genetic diversity – Pharmaceuticals

11. Importance of Coral Reefs NATURAL BEAUTY http://sustainableseas.noaa.gov/missions/ florida2/background/coralspawning.html

12. $375 billion in environmental goods and services Reefs at Risk 1998 (http://www.wri.org/powerpoints/reefswww/sld011.htm

13. Caribbean reef values (annual net benefits in 2000) Fisheries: $310 million Dive tourism: $2.1 billion Shoreline protection: $0.7-2.2 billion Total: $4.1-4.6 billion

14. REEFS WORLDWIDE ARE THREATENED 11% of reefs have been lost 16% of reefs severely damaged ~60% of studied reefs threatened by human activities No pristine reefs left

15. CARIBBEAN REEFS DECLINING 1970s: ~50% coral cover Present: ~10% coral cover =80% reduction in coral cover over last 30 years Gardner et al. 2003 Science 301: 958-960

16. Threats to coral and coral reefs: 1) Natural 2) Anthropogenic –of human origin

17. Natural disturbances that affect corals and coral reefs? Hurricanes Tsunamis Volcanoes Earthquakes Predators & competitors Bleaching Pathogens

18. Hurricanes Physical damage http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ 1989hugo.html Destruction of other ecosystems upon which coral reefs depend Freshwater poisoning Smothering

19. Tsunamis Physical damage Possible disruption of reproduction and recruitment Erosion

20. Volcanoes Depends upon where volcano occurs http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/ current_volcs/montserrat/montserrat.html smothering and sedimentation Heat

21. Earthquakes Little direct impact -coastal landslides Indirect impacts -triggers tsunamis

22. Predators crown of thorns starfish snails parrotfish butterflyfish http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/reflib/ cot-starfish/pages/cot-q07.html http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgflower/living/fg_living.html

23. Competitors algae http://catbert.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/algae.html

24. Loss of zooxanthellae causes – higher than usual ocean temperature – sharp changes in salinity – heavy UV light exposure http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ mccarty_and_peters/coral/Bleach.htm

25. http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/coral_bleaching_index.html

26. Pathogens Diseases on the rise – new pathogens (8+) – land pathogens (Aspergillus) – occurring at all depths – More susceptible when stressed http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/mccarty_and_peters/ coral/Bbd.htm

27. Threats to coral and coral reefs: 1) Natural 2) Anthropogenic –of human origin

28. Anthropogenic threats to coral reefs: Overfishing Development Mining and dredging Recreation

29. Overfishing Ecological imbalance http://tools.coralreef.org/content/objects/view.acs?object_id=545 http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/re ef/reef2570.htm

30. Overfishing Ecological imbalance http://catbert.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/events.html

31. http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/stude nts/coral/coral5.htm http://www.wri.org/indictrs/rrcyanid.htm Overfishing Destructive fishing practices

32. Development Sediment  smothering Freshwater input Pollutants & nutrients (sewage, pesticides, fertilizer, heavy metals, pathogens)

33. http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/cor al_mangrove/coral.danger.html http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/m ccarty_and_peters/coral/c-intro.htm Development

34. http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/scied/science/habitat/influences.html

35. Mining for construction materials and dredging Destruction of reef structure stirs up sediment

36. Recreation Anchors, boats, flippers, hands, feet Kill animal tissue Skeleton breakage http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/scied/science/ha bitat/influences.html

37. interaction of natural changes & human activity multiple insults Synergistic effects

38. Global climate change Reduced reef building Increase in frequency and intensity of hurricanes Increases in bleaching Increased in disease

39. CORAL DOMINATED ALGAL DOMINATED Synergistic effects

40. OVERFISHING HURRICANE ALLEN 1980 ACROPORA DIE-OFF 1980S DIADEMA DIE-OFF 1983 JAMAICA

41. MORE ALGAE NO GRAZERS LESS CORAL PHYSICAL DAMAGE ALGAL DOMINATED SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS JAMAICA

42. PROTECTION SINCE 1961 ACROPORA DIE-OFF 1980S DIADEMA DIE-OFF 1983 HURRICANE HUGO 1989 HURRICANES MARILYN/LUIS 1995 BUCK ISLAND, ST. CROIX

43. PROTECTION LITTLE OVERFISHING DISEASE PHYSICAL DAMAGE CORAL DOMINATED BUCK ISLAND, ST. CROIX