1. Marine Ecology of Sub Tidal California Ecology: The inter-relationship between organisms and their environment

2. Introduction: Images n White Shark (Charcarodon carcharius) n California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) n Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus) n California Hydrocoral (Stylaster californicus)

3. Sub Tidal Habitats n Open Ocean n Sandy Plains n Kelp Forest n Rocky Reefs

4. Geographical Divisions in California n California current –North to South n Davidson current –South to North –November to February n Upwelling period –Spring and early summer n Northern n Central n Southern

5. Habitat: Open Ocean n Primary producers: Phytoplankton n Top predators: Sharks; Pinnipeds; Tuna; Toothed Whales n Some large animals eat plankton n No place to hide

6. Open Ocean: Images n Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) n California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) n Tuna n Pacific White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) n Grey Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) n Mola Mola (Mola mola) n Purple Jellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca)

7. Habitat: Sandy Plains n Primary producers: Phytoplankton n Protection –Camouflage –Burying n Common job: Detritus Consumer n Flat Fish, Tube Anemones, Worms, Sea Stars, Clams, Snails, Sea Pens, Octopus

8. Sandy Plains: Images n Speckled Sand Dab (Citharichthys stigmaeus) n Thornback Ray (Platythinoidis triseriata) n Spotted Cusk-Eel (Chilara taylori) n Bat Ray (Myliobatis californica) n Sand Dollar (Dendraster excentricus) n Sea Pen (stylatula elongata) n Innkeper Worm (Urechis caupo) n Bay Goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) n Geoduck Clam (Panope generosa) n Tube Anemone (Pachycerianthus fimbriatus)

9. Habitat: Kelp Forest n Kelp requires a rocky substrate n Giant Kelp and Bull Kelp n Kelp rarely deeper than 130’ n Camouflage, Protection, Food n Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Pnuematocysts n Requires water movement

10. Ode to a Kelp Forest Ode to a Kelp Forest Where waves crash and currents roar, Where rocky bottoms meet the shore, Where water’s cold and nutrient rich, Where organism’s find that special niche, There you’ll find that algal form called Kelp - from which the forest’s born. The Kelp Forest: not just a place for plants, But a community, a vital dance in the web of life. A player in a seamless whole, that touches the mind and touches the soul. © Neil Robertson, 2010

11. Kelp Forest: Images n Articulated Coralline Algae (Bossiella spp.) with Giant Sunflower Star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) n Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) n Kelp Lace Bryozoan (Membranipora membrancea) n Kelp Bass (Paralabrax clathratus)

12. Habitat: Rocky Reefs n Cracks & crevices n Substrate for Kelp n Primary producer: Kelp n Detritus Feeders and Grazers n Carnivores

13. Rocky Reefs: Images n California Hydrocoral (Stylaster californicus) n Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) n Cabezon’s Eye (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) n Giant Sunflower Star (Picnopodia helianthoides) n Brown Rock Crab (Cancer antennarius) n Strawberry Anemones (Corynactis californica) n Abalone (Haliotis rufescens)

14. Phyla of Kingdom Animalia n Porifera n Cnidaria n Ctenophora n Ectoprocta n Platyhelminthes n Mollusca n Annelida n Arthropoda n Echinodermata n Chordata

15. Phylum: Porifera n Sponges: around 5,000 living species n Simplest multi-cellular organisms n Cellular-level organization –Their cells are specialized –Similar cells are not organized into tissues n All sessile and benthic n Filter feeders

16. Porifera: Images n Cobalt Encrusting Sponges (Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta) with Orange Puffball (Tethya aurantia) n Red Volcano Sponge (Acarnus erithacus) n Aggregated Nipple Sponge (Polymastia pacifica) n Red sponge (likely Ophlitaspongia pennata) with Orange Cup Coral (Balanophyllia elegans)

17. Phylum: Cnidaria n Radially or Biradially symmetric n Tissue level of organization n True organs do not occur n Two basic body forms: –Medusa: free swimming or floating –Polyp: usually sessile n Nematocysts

18. Phylum: Cnidaria n Corals n Hydroids n Sea anemones n Jellyfish n Sea pens

19. Cnidaria: Images (1/2) n Orange Cup Coral (Balanophyllia elegans) with Cobalt Sponge (Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta) n Cup Coral (Astrangia lajollaensis) n White Sea Pen (Stylatula elongata) n California Hydrocoral (Stylaster californicus) with Strawberry Anemones (Corynactis californica) n Strawberry Anemones (Corynactis californica) n Metridium Anemones (Metridium giganteum) with Blue Rockfish (Sebastes mystinus)

20. Cnidaria: Images (2/2) n Fish Eating Urticina (Urticina piscivora) n Giant Green Anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) n White-Spotted Rose Anemone (Urticina lofotensis) n Sea Nettle (Chrysaora fuscescens) n Purple Jellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca)

21. Phylum: Echinodermata n Calcereous endoskeleton n Pentaradial symmetry n Water vascular system (tube feet) –Decentralized nervous system

22. Phylum: Echinodermata n Sea stars n Brittle stars n Sea urchins n Sand dollars n Sea cucumbers

23. Echinodermata: Images n Giant Spined Star (Pisaster giganteus), Leather Star (Dermasterias imbricata), and Bat Star (Asterina miniata) n Giant Sunflower Star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) n Bat Star (Asterina miniata) n Brittle Star n California Sea Cucumber (Parastichopus californicus) n Warty Sea Cucumber (Parastichopus parvimensis) n Orange Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria miniata) n Red Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)

24. Phylum: Arthropoda n Bilaterally symetrical n Strongly segmented bodies n Exoskeletal construction n Molting required for growth n More species of Arthropod than all other species combined

25. Phylum: Arthropoda n Barnacles n Shrimp n Crabs n Lobster n Isopods n Amphipods n Copepods

26. Arthropoda: Images n Coonstripe Shrimp(Pandalus hypsinotus) n Moss Crab (Loxorhynchus crispatus) n Hermit Crab (Pagurus armatus) n Cryptic Kelp Crab (Pugettia richii) n Red Rock Crab (Cancer productus) n Giant Acorn Barnacle (Balanus nubilus)

27. Phylum: Mollusca n Bilaterally symmetrical n Strongly cephalized n Complicated digestive system n Complicated nervous system n Most have a shell n Over 50,000 living species

28. Phylum: Mollusca n Abalone n Nudibranchs n Octopi n Squid n Scallops n Sea hare n Mussels n Oysters n Clams n Periwinkles n Chitons n Snails n Limpets

29. Mollusca: Images (1/2) n Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) n Lewis’ Moon Snail (Polinices lewisii) n Purple Ringed Top Snail (Calliostoma annulatum) n Whitecap Limpet (Acmaea mitra) n Ida’s Miter (Mitra idae) n Kellet’s Whelk (Kelletia kelettii) n Sea Hare (Aplysia californica) n Spanish Shawl (Flabellinopsis iodinea)

30. Mollusca: Images (2/2) n Sea Lemon (Anisodoris nobilis) n Rock Scallop (Crassedoma giganteum) n Geoduck Clam (Panope generosa) n Lined Chiton (Tonicella lineata) n Red Octopus (Octopus rubescens) n Humboldt Squid (Dosidicus gigas) n Market Squid Eggs (Loligo opalescens)

31. Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates) n Organisms that possess a Notochord –a rod that serves to stiffen the body and act as a support during locomotion n Bilateral symmetry n Segmented body n Ventral heart and closed blood system n Bony or cartilaginous endoskeleton

32. Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates) n Tunicates n Salps n Sharks n Rays n Skates n Bony fish n Sea lions n Seals n Whales n Sea otters n Dolphins n Birds

33. Chordata: Images (1/2) n California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) n Pacific Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina) n Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) n Great Egret (Ardea alba) n Lightbulb Tunicate (Clavelina huntsmani) n Blue Rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) n Rubberlip Seaperch (Rhacochilus toxotes) n Blackeye Goby (Coryphopterus nicholsi)

34. Chordata: Images (2/2) n Coralline Sculpine (?) (Artedius corallinus) n Snubnose Sculpin (Orthonopias triacis) n Female Kelp Greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus) n Copper Rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) n Vermillion Rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) n Gopher Rockfish (Sebastes carnatus) n Black-and-Yellow Rockfish (Sebastes chrysomelas) n Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus)

35. Finalé n Feather Duster Worm (Eudistylia polymorpha)