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Advanced metallic materials
Prof. Priit Kulu
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Outline High-strength structural steels High-performance tool steels
Metallic-ceramic materials Light-weight metals and alloys Superalloys Advanced metallic materials 2
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Advanced metallic materials
Metallic materials with superior properties Superconductive NbTi, Nb3Sn, Nb3Ge Structural alloys Neodymium rare-earth magnets (alloys of Nd, Fe and B) are strongest known permanent magnets. Sm-Co magnets Mg- and Al-alloys with superior properties, Al-metaglass, foams Ti-alloys with thermomechanical properties, superalloys, maraging steels, intermetallides, high-density alloys, shape-memory alloys Biocompatible Ti-alloys Amorphous alloys with chemical and thermal properties, Ni- and Fe aluminates Advanced metallic materials 3
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Strength groups of materials
Classification based on tensile strength (Rm) of materials Low-strength (<250 N/mm2) Mid-strength ( N/mm2) High-strength ( N/mm2) Ultrahigh-strength (<1500 N/mm2) Advanced metallic materials 4
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Production technologies of hihg-strength steels and alloys
Advanced metallic materials 5
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High-strength structural steels High-performance tool steels
Metallic-ceramic materials Light-weight metals and alloys Superalloys Advanced metallic materials 6
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High-strength steel ...what is it? The end of 1920-s Steel St 52 (S355) for bridge construction Today S355 is standard grade Definition for “high-strength” is dependent on level of development. Steel ReH > 355 MPa Advanced metallic materials 7
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Methods for increasing strength
structure refinement alloying – B; microalloying elements – Nb, Ti, V and N low carbon steels transgranular fracture two- and multi-phase structures – F+M; F+M+B dispersion strengthening – micro- and nanosteels deformation hardening: - low- & high-temperature - isothermal - marforming Alloying of ferrite Hardening Ageing Alloying elements, % Ageing time, t Advanced metallic materials
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Heat treatable boron-steels
≈ 0,003% of B increased through-hardenability 0, ,003% of B in solid solution has the same effect on hardenability than 0,7% Cr; 0,5% Mo or 1% Ni Through-hardenability diameter up to 200 mm C24CR Rp0,21000; Rm1500; A 7% Advanced metallic materials 9
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Low-alloy high-strength steels
Also known as HSLA steels C = 0,2..0,3% ; alloying el: Mn, Si Micro alloying with Nb, Ti and/or V – dispersion strengthening + grain refinement HX340LAD HX460LAD Rp0,2560; Rm640 N/mm2; A – min 15% Advanced metallic materials 10
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Two- and multi-phased steels
Also known as duplex (DP) and complex (CP) steels Ultra-High-strength (UHS) ductile steels Two-phase LITEC DP Rp0,2750 N/mm2; Rm980 N/mm2; A – min 10% Advanced metallic materials 11
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- Multi-phase LITEC CP Rp0,2900; Rm980 N/mm2; A – 7%
DP-steel CP-steel → good formability and high strength → ability of high energy absorption → high strain-hardening rate → good fatigue strength Advanced metallic materials 12
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Maraging (martensite-ageing) steels (1)
Martensitic steels ( C%) low ductility and toughness in case of high Rm M decomposition, formation of carbide phase brittleness Maraging steels in 1980 low C-content (0,03%) transgranular fraction alloying el. – Ni ( %), Mo + Ti, Al, Ta etc. Quenching C-free martensite, Ageing intermetallides (4 – 5) nm, (NiTi, Ni3Ti, NiAl, Ni3Mo etc.) Rm 2000 N/mm2, Rp0,2 1500 N/mm2, A = % Advanced metallic materials 13
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Maraging steels (2) Advanced metallic materials 14
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Termomechanically processed / deformation hardened
high temperature low temperature isothermal marforming Advanced metallic materials 15
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Thermomechnical rolling
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TRIP-steels (Transformation Induced Plasticity)
Low alloy steels (car industry) 0,2 – 0,3 % C; 1,5 – 2,0 % Mn, Si + Al High alloy Ni-Cr steeks 0,2 – 0,3 % C; 8 – 32 % Ni; 8 – 14 % Cr+Mn (0,5 – 2,5%), Mo, Si Quenching (985 – 1200 °C) → F, B, A Deformation (< Trecr = 250 – 550 °C), A → M Rm →1700, Rp0,2 → 1550, A =50 – 60 %, ↑KIC, σ-1
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Strength-plasticity of high-strength steels
KTMT TMT + def. ageing Low-alloy steels Maraging steels (high-alloy) Rp0,2 N/mm2 2000 1000 20 40 60 A% TRIP-steels TMT + def. ageing
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High-strength structural steels High-performance tool steels
Metallic-ceramic materials Light-weight metals and alloys Superalloys Advanced metallic materials 19
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Advanced tool steels (1)
I generation of high-speed steels (HSS) carbide temper hardness steels C, e.g. HS 6 – 5 – 2 – 5 W-Mo -V –Co Intermetallic temper hardness steels C, Co7W6, (CoFe)7W6 etc. (11 – 20%)W; 7% Mo; (1-3%)V; (20 – 25%)Co Structure (cast and rolled) Advanced metallic materials 20
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Advanced tool steels (2)
II generation of high-speed steels – PM steels (PM/HIP) Uddeholmi steels Vanadis 4, 6, 10, 23, 30, 60 (Super Clean) (1,3 - 2,9%) C; → 6,5 W; (1,5 - 7%) Mo; (3,1 - 9,8%) V; → 10,5% Co Structure (PM / HIPed) Advanced metallic materials 21
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Advanced tool steels (3)
III generation of high-speed steels – Sprayformed, SF + HIP PM steels, Vanadis 4 EXTRA WEARTEC 2,8 C; 8,9 V; 7,0 Cr; 2,3 Mo; Si; Mn ROLTEC 1,4C; 4,6Cr; 3,7 V; 3,2 Mo; Si; Mn TOUGHTEC 1,6C; 7,2V; 5,0 Cr; 2,3 Mo; Si; Mn Advanced metallic materials 22
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SF /HIP Similar to PM/HIP, slab formation by spraying methods
High-Tech Materials & Technologies 23
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Strength of high-speed steels
TRZ, GPa Diameter of carbide particles, m Advanced metallic materials 24
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High-strength structural steels High-performance tool steels
Metallic-ceramic materials Light-weight metals and alloys Superalloys Advanced metallic materials 25
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Classification of wear resistant materials depending on volumetric content of hard phase
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Metallic-ceramic composites
Carbide steels and alloys Ferro-TiC Steel ( )% -TiC Double-reinforced MMC (Cr-steel + 20%VC) + 20%WC Self-fluxing alloys NiCrSiB + 50% (WC-Co) Ceramic/metallic TiC-NiMo – ( )% (NiMo)(2:1) 920 – 1620 HV10 Cr3C2-NiCr – ( )% NiCr Advanced metallic materials 27
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High-strength structural steels High-performance tool steels
Metallic-ceramic materials Light-weight metals and alloys Superalloys Advanced metallic materials 28
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Light-weight materials – Mg alloys
Mg-alloys (Mg: = 1740 kg/m3, Ts – 649 0C) Alloying elements: Al (3 - 10%); Zn, up to (5 – 6%); Mn; Zr Rm 300 N/mm2 (deformable alloys) Rm/ 20 220 N/mm2 (cast alloy) Advanced metallic materials 29
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Light-weight materials – Al alloys
Al-Li alloys (Li is only dopant, which Rm, E, however = 2500 kg/m3) 2Li, 4Mg, Rm = 220 – 350; Rp0,2 = 135 – 210 N/mm2 Powder-aluminum-alloys dispersion strengthened Al-alloys (SAP-Al2O315%, Al-C-alloys – Al4C3 20 volume%), allowed working temperature up to 550 0C Foam-aluminum ( ~ 200 kg/m3) Advanced metallic materials 30
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High-strength structural steels High-performance tool steels
Metallic-ceramic materials Light-weight metals and alloys Superalloys Advanced metallic materials 31
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Superalloys …alloys capable of service at high temperatures, usually above 1000 °C → heat-resistant high-temperature strength alloys Ni-alloys Co-alloys heat resistance (oxidation resistance > 600°C) refractory steels = heat res. + high temp. strength Advanced metallic materials 32
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Ni-alloys Ni uses: ca 60% – stainless steels 12% – Ni-alloys
10% – coatings 10% – alloy steels Heat resistant alloys (superalloys) wrought (Inconel Ni – Cr; Hastelloy Ni Cr-Co) cast ( polycrystalline, directionally solidified, single crystal) PM (HIP-ed, IN 100, Rene 95→ gasturbine disk) 718 (cast) Ni – (4,75 – 5,5%) Nb → aerospace, nuclear structural applications (-250 – +700 °C). MA 754 PM/HIP Ni – 1% Y2O3 Advanced metallic materials 33
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Co-alloys Co uses: ca 46% – superalloys 15% – steels
10% – cemented carbides Wear resistant alloys Stellite – Co (10 –30%); Cr (1,5 –22) Ni; up to 15% W; 1 Mo Heat resistant alloys wrought Co + (20 –30%) Cr; (14 –15%) W cast Co +(23 –29%) Cr; (1 –10 %) Ni; 7 W Corrosion resistant alloys Ultimet Co + 26Cr; 9Ni; 5Mo; 2W Advanced metallic materials 34
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General stress-rupture behaviour of superalloys
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Thank you for your attention!
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