1. Open by default: Applying the right license to research data in open access journals COASP, Budapest, 20 September 2012 Iain Hrynaszkiewicz Publisher (Open Science), BioMed Central iain.hrynaszkiewicz@biomedcentral.com

2. BioMed Central open data initiatives 1.Data journals and article types 2.Open Data Award 3.Data deposition (repositories), citation, and linking 4.Data/workflow integration (LabArchives partnership) 5.Data licensing 6.Human subjects – confidentiality and consent 7.Guidance and best practice 8.Data formats and standards

3. Sources of data in OA journals Additional files (supplementary material) which include data sets supporting reported results Bibliographic data including reference lists Numerical tables in main text of articles Data points underlying graphs Text-minable terms and other machine- harvestable information

4. Sources of data in OA journals Additional files (supplementary material) which include data sets supporting reported results Bibliographic data including reference lists Numerical tables in main text of articles Data points underlying graphs Text-minable terms and other machine- harvestable information In other words, we’re all data publishers

5. The Guardian, 23 May 2012: “Bergman, Murray-Rust, Piwowar and countless other academics are prevented from using the most modern research techniques because the big publishing companies such as Macmillan, Wiley and Elsevier, which control the distribution of most of the world's academic literature, by default do not allow text mining of the content that sits behind their expensive paywalls.” http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/may/23/text-mining-research-tool- forbidden http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/may/23/text-mining-research-tool- forbidden JISC text mining report, March 2012 “Legal uncertainty, inaccessible information silos, lack of information and lack of a critical mass are barriers to text mining within UKFHE.” http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/reports/2012/value-text- mining.pdf http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/reports/2012/value-text- mining.pdf Hargreaves report, May 2011 “According to the Wellcome Trust, 87 per cent of the material housed in UK’s main medical research database (UK PubMed Central) is unavailable for legal text and data mining.” http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview-finalreport.pdf http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview-finalreport.pdf

6. Why does open data licensing matter? Open data is a means to do better science more efficiently Licenses, copyright and IP are legal barriers to data sharing and reuse Removal maximises potential for data reuse, integration and discovery of new knowledge “BioMed Central believes that the concept of open data, analogous to its policy on open access to journals, goes beyond making data freely accessible. Data should also be free to distribute, copy, re-format, and integrate into new research, without legal impediments” BioMed Central’s draft position statement on open data. September 2010 http://blogs.openaccesscentral.com/blogs/bmcblog/resource/opendatastatementdraft.pdf

7. “The data should be released in standardized formats without intellectual property constraints.” Conway PH, VanLare JM: Improving Access to Health Care Data: The Open Government Strategy. JAMA 2010;304(9):1007-1008. http://pantonprinciples.org/ http://www.isitopendata.org/ “[P]eople mis-use copyright licenses on uncopyrightable materials and data sets: the confusion of the legal right of attribution in copyright with the academic and professional norm of citation of one's efforts.” John Wilbanks, VP, Science, Creative Commons, http://bit.ly/djl5Fa August 11, 2010 http://bit.ly/djl5Fa “...any restrictions on use should be strongly resisted and we endorse explicit encouragement of open sharing.” Schofield et al.: Post-publication sharing of data and tools. Nature 2009, 461:171.

8. Copyright and data If data = numerical representation of facts then they are generally not copyrightable, but... Many levels of data/derived digital data Jurisdictional differences (e.g. US vs. Australian law; EU database rights) = ambiguity about legal status of content

9. Licenses and waivers for data Licenses are for asserting rights; waivers are for giving them up Several licenses/waivers are compliant with Open Knowledge definitions http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ “Attribution stacking” inherent in CC-BY problematic for large/combined datasets Ball A: How to License Research Data 2011 http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/how-guides/license-research-data http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/how-guides/license-research-data

10. Why Creative Commons CC0? interoperability: CC0 is human and machine-readable universality: CC0 is global and universal and widely recognized simplicity: no need for humans to make, and respond to, individual data requests Schaeffer P: Why does Dryad use CC0? http://blog.datadryad.org/2011/10/05/why-does-dryad-use-cc0/ http://blog.datadryad.org/2011/10/05/why-does-dryad-use-cc0/ http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/

11. CC0 use cases – LabArchives ELN BioMed Central authors entitled to LabArchives’ electronic lab notebook with 100Mb of free storage (http://www.labarchives.com/bmc)http://www.labarchives.com/bmc Features include: - Data publishing with DOIs assignment - Citable, linkable data supporting publications - Reusable/integrate-able data with CC0 - Integrated manuscript submission to BMC journals - Additional free storage (standard is 25Mb) http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/supportingdata

12. LabArchives partnership

13. Implementing CC-BY-CC0 in journals – why? Removes ambiguity about legal status of data Helps facilitate reuse including text mining e.g. Testing of analysis tools against data harvested from journals Open bibliography – diversification and democratization of impact measures Faster progress where lack of combinable datasets are hampering research e.g. EvoMRI Hrynaszkiewicz I, Cockerill MJ: Open by default: a proposed copyright license and waiver agreement for open access research and data in peer-reviewed journals. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:494 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/494 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/494

14. Implementing CC-BY-CC0 in journals – how? Specify a date from which the new license would apply to data (CC-BY remains for other content) Some relatively minor technical and operational implications Cultural change may be the biggest challenge Public consultation with authors, editors, funders and other stakeholders Hrynaszkiewicz I, Cockerill MJ: Open by default: a proposed copyright license and waiver agreement for open access research and data in peer-reviewed journals. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:494 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/494 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/494

15. Proposed new license statement “ © 2012 et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data included in this article, its reference list(s) and its additional files, are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/; http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/access).”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/access

16. But what do we mean by data? Definitions vary quite widely For implementation, general guidelines with specific examples needed Examples in journal articles/additional files include tabular data, XML, CSV, graphical data points, bibliographic data (including reference lists), RDF

17. Open by default – opt out Public domain with no copy/other rights is not always possible, even for open access content Non-standard licenses needed, as already happens for e.g. US government employees Few changes to standard procedures and author behaviour needed for implementation New license only applies to content submitted for publication

18. Questions, concerns? Will I risk loss of credit (citations)? Will I put competitors at an advantage? Will plagiarism be more likely? Will I lose any right to express wishes about future uses of my data?....?

19. Join the data debate How appropriate is public domain dedication for data you (already) publish in journals? How do you define data – what data file types do you commonly publish as additional files? How might removing legal restrictions on data sharing benefit (or harm) your research? And, publishers: how adoptable is this model? http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcblog/2012/09/10 /put-the-open-in-open-data

20. Questions? Iain Hrynaszkiewicz Publisher (Open Science), BioMed Central iain.hrynaszkiewicz@biomedcentral.com http://www.mendeley.com/profiles/iain-hrynaszkiewicz/ http://uk.linkedin.com/in/iainhz @iainh_z

21. Attribution vs. citation ActivityAttribution and/or citation Printing an article for display at a conference Attribution Translating an article for publication in another journal Attribution + citation Paraphrasing a concept or finding within an article Citation Reusing a figure, table or graphAttribution + citation Publication of a reanalysis of data published as an additional file in a journal Citation