1. 1 Cost and Price Models of Scholarly E-Journals Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee ctenopir@utk.edu

2. 2 What Does it Cost? The Hype “Publish for free on the Internet” “Everything’s digitized…[so] everyone here can get published” “Web self-publishing … [is] poised to push old-school publishing giants aside”

3. 3 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor

4. 4 What Does it Cost? The Reality 1.Article Processing 2.Non-article processing 3. Journal Reproduction 4. Distribution 5.Publishing Support

5. 5 Number of Subscribers Cost/print subscription E-savings 500 5,000 10,000 50,000 $993 $140 $93 $55 11% 37% 52% 84% The minimum price necessary to recover costs at various levels of circulation

6. 6

7. 7 Decreases in Personal Subscriptions

8. 8 Why Have Costs Increased? 1)Increase in Articles, Issues, “Pages” 2) Start-up E-system costs 3) Higher labor costs 4)Living in a dual-mode publishing world 5)Publishers’ overhead/market forces

9. 9 Journal Characteristics

10. 10 Journal Characteristics

11. 11 Alternative Cost Models Reduce publishers’ “value add” Reduce publishers’ overhead Institutional/individual contributions

12. What are the prices?

13. 13 Increase in Expenditures

14. 14 Average Price Per Title: Science Journals 1996-2002 Sources: Library Journal, April 15, 2000, and April 15, 2002.

15. 15 Serial & Monograph Expenditures Source: Monograph and Serial Costs in ARL Libraries. http://www.arl.org/newsltr/210/coststbl.html. Accessed September 30, 2002.

16. 16 Scholarly Publishing at the Crossroads SPARC Society Publishers Commercial Publishers BioMed Central Institutional Repositories E-Print Service Self-Archives

17. 17 Is a Subscription Model Obsolete?

18. 18 Alternative Price Models (Open Access) Pay to publish (Author pays) Institutional repositories Volunteers/good will/self archiving

19. 19 Who Pays Authors Universities Another not-for-profit body Advertisers

20. 20 Three Main Options 1.With Traditional Publishers in traditional ways 2. New Relationship with Publishers 3. Without Traditional Publishers

21. 21 New Relationships SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Researches Coalition) BioMed Central Public Library of Science

22. 22 Without Traditional Publishers Institutional Repositories (“University Archiving”) Self-Archiving E-Print Service (e.g., arXiv.org)

23. 23 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor

24. 24 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor

25. 25 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher

26. 26 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor

27. 27 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer

28. 28 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia

29. 29 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library

30. 30 Publishing Chain Reader Author

31. 31 What is Needed? Commitment Assurance of quality Assurance of accessibility Adherence to standards Longevity

32. 32 Electronic publishing doesn’t drastically reduce costs Intellectual costs are highest Must work together Multiple co-existing alternatives