1. 1 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Planning modeling Chapter outline: 1.The basic planning problem 2.The basic pricing problem 3.Nonlinear cost and demand functions XYFunction Mathematical model of an XY Function Spreadsheet Model o f XY Function Approximating the cost with a Cubic Function 4.Preparing a Five year Plan 5.The Impact of Pricing

2. 2 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Basic Planning Problem Down is a skeleton model for a five year projection of profit for a corporation. Assumption Selling price is $60 (not change) Fixed cost $1500 (grow at constant rate) Number of units – 80 (grow at a constant rate) Variable cost $45 per unit

3. 3 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Basic Planning Problem

4. 4 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Basic Planning Problem fixed costs units sold Data table is created to view What-if Analysis on the growth rates for fixed costs and units sold

5. 5 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Basic Pricing Problem The central issue in pricing is deterring how quantity sold depends on the price. Demand in most cases is elastic, that is when the price increases, the demand decreases. The simplest assumption is that demand is a linearly decreasing function of price. Organization assumptions or judgments: 1.At price $70, sales will be 2,400 increase in pricedecrease in the sale 2.One dollar increase in price = 37 units decrease in the sale 3.Used the above information to express the number of units sold as a function of price. PRICE UNIT (PRICE– 70) = 0 70 2400 (PRICE – 70) > 0 INCREASEDECREASE (PRICE – 70) < 0 DECREASEINCREASE 4.Changed in number of units = -37 * (PRICE - 70) 5.Using the second assumption, then 6.Number of unit = 2400 + Changed in number of units 7.Number of units = 2400 - 37 * (PRICE - 70) = 4990 – ( 37 * PRICE )

6. 6 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Basic Pricing Problem 4990-37*B3 50000 +35 * B4 B3 * B4 B6-B5

7. 7 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Maximum profit occurs around $42,750 at the price $85. More accurate value can be generated by entering more numbers in the column providing the input to the table. However exactness might be misleading because of the uncertainty in the demand function.

8. 8 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Most applications in real life have nonlinear relationships. They follow a curved, nonlinear XY functions.EX. Torrington Corporation, deciding whether they should introduce a new product. Production prepares a cost estimate for making up to 150 units. (variable cost will not be a linear function of quantity) Graph is prepared to show the :curve”representing variable cost The problem is to develop formulas to give the cost values for any value of the quantity. Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function QuantityVariable Cost 00 503000 1004500 1504900

9. 9 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Mathematical Models of an XY Functions Suppose Torrington wishes to determine the cost associated with the quantity 70 Suppose Torrington wishes to determine the cost associated with the quantity 70. Find the slope of any line segment. Consider the cost at 50 which 3,000 then slope is calculated as; Slope Slope = (Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1) = (4,500-3,000)/(100-50) = 30 Cost Cost = Y1 + Slope ×( X-X1) Quantity (X) = 70, X1=50, and Cost Y1= 3,000; Cost for X Then Cost for X = 3,000 + 30 × (70 – 50) = 3,600

10. 10 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Spreadsheet Models of an XY Functions Cells A3 to C7 (Number of units, variable cost, slop) contain a lookup table that Excel uses to find the necessary parameters for a given number of units. Cells B9 to B11 are user-entered data.(Input factors) Cells B12 to B14 use the lookup table to find required items of data. Cell B15 computes the variable cost for the number of units entered in cell B10, Variable cost = UP + ( NUMBER OF UNIT – LEFT ) * SLOPE using the formula =B13 + ( B10-B12)*B14 Cell B16 computes the total cost by adding the fixed and variable costs using =B11 + B15 Cell B17 compute revenue using =B9*B10 Cell B18 profits using =B17-B16

11. 11 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Spreadsheet Models of an XY Functions The table in the left shows the data table comparing number of units with profits Training Exercise Calculate profits against number of units being sold, where number of units start from 0 up to 150 with increment of 10 units. Find the break-even point using Goal seeker?

12. 12 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Approximating the Cost with a Cubic Function Curves are good facility for representing nonlinear functions. Polynomial is a class of functions that are often satisfactory. The linear (first-order) function has the following form: 2 + (10 * X) Quadratic function assumes the form: -24 + (56 × X 2 ) and an example of a cubic function is +(5.3 × X 2 ) + ( 21.6 × X 3 )

13. 13 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Approximating the Cost with a Cubic Function The general approach 1- Try polynomials, quadratic, cubic, and so on, on the spreadsheet representing the situation. 2- Calculate the values for the given curve 3- Calculate the square of the deviations (differences), add them 4- Minimize the sum with Excel Solver by allowing the coefficient of function to be changed.

14. 14 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Approximating the Cost with a Cubic Function A3“=AVERAGE(A2, A4)”. 1.Cell A3 uses the formula “=AVERAGE(A2, A4)”. F3 to I3C2 2.Column C calculates the cubic function based on the current coefficients in cells F3 to I3. For example Cell C2 uses the formula “=$F$3 + ($G$3*A2)+($H$3*A2^2) +($I$3*A2^3)”. D2“=(B2-C2)^2”. 1.Column D calculates the squared difference between the variable cost and the cube function. For example, cell D2 uses the formula “=(B2-C2)^2”. D10 2. Cell D10 shows the original sum of deviations.

15. 15 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Nonlinear Cost and Demand Function Approximating the Cost with a Cubic Function The target cell D10 needs to be minimized. There are no constraints. The cells to vary are the cubic coefficient in cells F3 to I3. The better way to judge how good the approximation is to compare the given curve with the calculated curve. If the management feels that the approximation is not good enough, a fourth, fifth order polynomial or other type of function can be tried.

16. 16 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Preparing a Five-Year plan The lookup table is no longer required as cubic equation replaces it Cell B7 in the cubic model now computes the variable cost using the cubic function = $D$6+($E$6*B5)+($F$6*B5^2)+($G$6*B5^3) This Modified Model can be used to perform scenario analysis

17. 17 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Preparing a Five-Year plan The management is particularly interested in three scenarios They are also interested in growth over the nest five years Growth in Sales Growth in Fixed Cost Best, optimistic30%10% Realistic20% Worst, pessimistic10%30%

18. 18 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Preparing a Five-Year plan

19. 19 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Impact of Pricing Apply the cubic function approach to the analysis of pricing The Marketing suggests the following pegs to approximate the price versus quantity The first step is to develop a cubic function for quantity based on price. Price Quantity 20 250 40 150 60 100 80 60

20. 20 BIS APPLICATION 2002-2003 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Impact of Pricing