1. kvi-cart Low-q measurements to look at bulk properties FUSTIPEN Topical Meeting on « New Directions for Nuclear Structure and Reaction Theories » Caen, France March 18, 2015 Nasser Kalantar-Nayestanaki, KVI-CART, University of Groningen

2. kvi-cart Bulk Properties

3. kvi-cart Example: The Collective Response of the Nucleus: Giant Resonances IsovectorIsoscalar Monopole (GMR) Dipole (GDR) Quadrupole (GQR) Berman and Fulz, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 47 208 Pb 120 Sn 65 Cu Photo-neutron cross sections Electric giant resonances

4. kvi-cart Collective oscillations of all neutrons and all protons in a nucleus in phase (isoscalar) or out of phase (isovector) Breathing Mode Squeezing Mode No Density Variation Shape Change M. Itoh ISGMR ISGDR ISGQR Giant Resonance

5. kvi-cart M. Itoh

6. kvi-cart NucleusMany-body system with a finite size VibrationsMultipole expansion with r, Y lm, t, s  S=0,  T=0  S=0,  T=1  S=1,  T=1 L=0: Monopole L=1: Dipole L=2: Quadrupole L=3: Octupole ISGMR IVGMR IAS GTRIVSGMR LEOR, HEOR r2Y0r2Y0 tY 0 ISGQR ISGDR IVGDR IVSGDR t r 2 Y 0 t  Y 0 t  r 2 Y 0 r3Y1r3Y1 t rY 1 t  rY 1 r2Y2r2Y2 IVGQR t r 2 Y 2 t  r 2 Y 2 r3Y3r3Y3 IVSGQR

7. kvi-cart Incompressibility or bulk modulus (K) is a measure of substance’s resistance to uniform compression and can be defined as

8. kvi-cart Investigation of Nuclear Matter Distributions along Isotopic Chains:  halo, skin structure  probe in-medium interactions at extreme isospin (almost pure neutron matter)  in combination with electron scattering (ELISe project @ FAIR): separate neutron/proton content of nuclear matter (deduce neutron skins) method: elastic proton scattering at low q: high sensitivity to nuclear periphery Why low momentum transfers hadronic scattering? Investigation of Giant Monopole Resonance in Doubly Magic Nuclei:  gives access to nuclear compressibility  key parameters of the EOS  new collective modes (breathing mode of neutron skin) method: inelastic  scattering at low q Investigation of Gamow-Teller Transitions:  weak interaction rates for N = Z waiting point nuclei in the rp-process  electron capture rates in the pre-supernova evolution (core collapse) method: ( 3 He,t), (d, 2 He) charge exchange reactions at low q

9. kvi-cart 27 Kinematics for collision of protons with exotic nuclei (with fixed heavy/light target)

10. kvi-cart Kinematics for inverse reaction for 56 Ni

11. kvi-cart Advantages and disadvantages of storage-ring experiments Advantages: Large intensities in the ring Little energy loss in the target No target window (no background) High resolution of the beam (cooling) Forward focusing for high-energy particles Low energy threshold Disadvantages: Ultra high vacuum Very small recoil energies for low q Thin targets

12. kvi-cart Advantages and disadvantages of active targets Advantages: Large target thickness (without “limits”) Good angular coverage No target window (no background) Forward focusing for high-energy particles Low energy threshold Disadvantages: Very small recoil energies for low q Low beam intensities

13. kvi-cart R 3 B (external tar.) vs. EXL (ring exp.) External target (thick) Low beam current High-energy particles Large momentum transfer Target contamination Quasi-elastic scattering Internal target (thin) High beam current Low-energy particles Small momentum transfer No target window Giant resonances

14. kvi-cart CR Super FRS NESR ESR

15. kvi-cart The EXL Experiment @ FAIR Details of the EXL setup Design goals: Universality: applicable to a wide class of reactions Good energy and angular resolution Large solid angle acceptance Specially dedicated for low q measurements with high luminosity (> 10 28 cm -2 s -1 ) Detection systems for: Target recoils and gammas (p,α,n,γ) Forward ejectiles (p,n) Beam-like heavy ions

16. kvi-cart First experiments with the existing ring at GSI (ESR) Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

17. kvi-cart CR Super FRS NESR ESR Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

18. kvi-cart Setup @ ESR ring Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

19. kvi-cart The new ESR Scattering chamber beam target 2 nd DSSD 1 st DSSD & Si(Li)s aperture Si(Li) DSSD ● DSSD: 128×64 strips, (6×6) cm², 285 µm thick ● Si(Li): 8 pads, (8×4) cm², 6.5 mm thick ● active vacuum barrier ● moveable aperture to improve angular resolution Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

20. kvi-cart Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

21. kvi-cart Beam current

22. kvi-cart Target density

23. kvi-cart Reaction: 56 Ni(p,p’) 56 Ni* or 56 Ni(α,α’) 56 Ni* 53 Ni 45 ms 54 Ni 104 ms 55 Ni 205 ms 56 Ni 6.08 d 57 Ni 35.6 h 52 Co 115 ms 51 Fe 305 ms 53 Co 242 ms 52 Fe 8.28 h 53 Fe 8.51 m 54 Co 193 ms 55 Co 17.53 h 56 Co 77 d 54 Fe stable 58 Ni stable The choice of the Nucleus

24. kvi-cart Kinematics for inverse reaction for 56 Ni Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

25. kvi-cart First results with radioactive beam Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings October 25, 2012: First Nuclear Reaction Experiment with Stored Radioactive Beam!!!! Beam energy 400 MeV/u 56 Ni (p,p)

26. kvi-cart Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings Preliminary DSSD 1 st Si(Li) 2 nd Si(Li) beam target 56 Ni(p,p), E = 400 MeV/u First results with radioactive beam

27. kvi-cart Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings First results with radioactive beam Preliminary 56 Ni(p,p`), E = 400 MeV/u Identification of Inelastic Scattering 56 Ni (p,p) 56 Ni (p,p`) 1. excited state at 2.7 MeV

28. kvi-cart Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings First results with radioactive beam Preliminary M. v. Schmid 56 Ni(p,p), E = 400 MeV/u Angular Distribution

29. kvi-cart Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings First results with radioactive beam Preliminary 56 Ni(p,p), E = 400 MeV/u Angular Distribution M. v. Schmid

30. kvi-cart Elastic p-scattering off 56 Ni (E105) 30 preliminary! First results with radioactive beam

31. kvi-cart Elastic p-scattering off 56 Ni and 58 Ni (E105) First results with radioactive beam

32. kvi-cart Elastic p-scattering off 56 Ni and 58 Ni (E105) First results with radioactive beam

33. kvi-cart 33 First results with radioactive beam Elastic p-scattering off 56 Ni and 58 Ni (E105)

34. kvi-cart Inelastic scattering

35. kvi-cart First results with radioactive beam Inelastic scattering of alphas from 58 Ni (E105)

36. kvi-cart 95-97% 56 Ni ~ 10 4 pps 56 Ni (α,α’) 56 Ni* Primary target 9 Be 58 Ni 56 Ni 54 Co 53 Fe 55 Co 9 Be Primary Beam: 58 Ni at 75 MeV/u Primary Target: 9 Be (thickness 525.6 μm) Secondary Beam: 56 Ni at 50 MeV/u MAYA setup GANIL Facility

37. kvi-cart Schematic view of MAYA active target detector

38. kvi-cart Mask Gassiplex Chips Inside MAYA

39. kvi-cart Anode Wires Cathode pad in MAYA

40. kvi-cart 80 CsI Detectors 20 Si Detectors Diamond Detector ΔE-E telescope in MAYA

41. kvi-cart Particle identification in Si/ScI detectors

42. kvi-cart Recoil Track Vertex

43. kvi-cart Range extraction of recoil track Range of recoil alpha particle Maximum Amplitude Maximum Amplitude / 2

44. kvi-cart Excitation energy of 56 Ni Elastic peak

45. kvi-cart Excitation energy of 56 Ni at θ CM =5.5 o

46. kvi-cart Low-lying dipole mode in 56 Ni

47. kvi-cart Monopole mode in 56 Ni 56 Ni (d, d’) 56 Ni* C. Monrozeau et al., PRL 100 (2008) 042501 This work: 56 Ni (α,α’) 56 Ni*

48. kvi-cart Monopole mode in 56 Ni: ring vs. active target

49. kvi-cart Conclusions and outlook Large efforts are taking place for both the ring environments as well as for active targets. Bulk properties (radius, compressibility etc.) are the main subject of the low-q measurements. The goal is to go towards the medium heavy and heavy nuclei (astrophysical processes). First measurements done with Ni isotopes. First physics measurements are already producing beautiful results. More measurements are planned for both systems.

50. kvi-cart Upgrade of the first EXL experiment Exotic nuclei studied in storage rings

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52. The EXL-E105 Collaboration S. Bagchi 1, S. Bönig 2, M. Castlós 3, I. Dillmann 4, C. Dimopoulou 4, P. Egelhof 4, V. Eremin 5, H. Geissel 4, R. Gernhäuser 6, M.N. Harakeh 1, A.-L. Hartig 2, S. Ilieva 2, N. Kalantar ‑ Nayestanaki 1, O. Kiselev 4, H. Kollmus 4, C. Kozhuharov 4, A. Krasznahorkay 3, T. Kröll 2, M. Kuilman 1, S. Litvinov 4, Yu.A. Litvinov 4, M. Mahjour-Shafiei 1, M. Mutterer 4, D. Nagae 8, M.A. Najafi 1, C. Nociforo 4, F. Nolden 4, U. Popp 4, C. Rigollet 1, S. Roy 1, C. Scheidenberger 4, M. von Schmid 2, M. Steck 4, B. Streicher 2,4, L. Stuhl 3, M. Takechi 4, M. Thürauf 2, T. Uesaka 9, H. Weick 4, J.S. Winfield 4, D. Winters 4, P.J. Woods 10, T. Yamaguchi 11, K. Yue 4,7, J.C. Zamora 2, J. Zenihiro 9 1 KVI, Groningen 2 Technische Universität Darmstadt 3 ATOMKI, Debrecen 4 GSI, Darmstadt 5 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St.Petersburg 6 Technische Universität München 7 Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 8 University of Tsukuba 9 RIKEN Nishina Center 10 The University of Edinburgh 11 Saitama University

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54. Thank you!