1. Organization and Functions of the Nervous System

2. Nervous System Divisions CNS (central nervous system) Brain, Spinal Cord 12 pairs of cranial nerves (originate from cranium) PNS (peripheral nervous system) Somatic nervous system 31 pairs of spinal nerves Autonomic nervous system Afferent and Efferent Nerves

3. 12 cranial nerves

4. Autonomic Nervous System

5. Sympathetic Division Exits Thoracic-Lumbar region of SC Exits Thoracic-Lumbar region of SC Norepinephrine in postganglionic synapses Norepinephrine in postganglionic synapses Fight-or-Flight Response Fight-or-Flight Response Elevated hr, bp Pupil dilation Increased sweat gland activity Dry mouth Increased blood flow to muscles Parasympathetic Division Exits Cranial and Sacral regions of SC Acetylcholine in postganglionic synapses Energy Conservation Decreased hr, bp Pupil constriction Salivation Gastric Secretion

6. Protection of the CNS Meninges (3 protective layers) Dura Mater Dura Mater Arachnoid Membrane Arachnoid Membrane Pia Mater Pia Mater Cerebrospinal Fluid Buoyancy and Shock Absorption Buoyancy and Shock Absorption Ventricles and subarachnoid space Ventricles and subarachnoid space

7. Ventricular System

8. Dissection Planes

9. Neuroanatomy Directional Terminology Anterior – Posterior (Front –Back) Dorsal – Ventral (Top – Bottom) Medial – Lateral (Middle –Side) Superior –Inferior (Above – Below)

10. Spinal Cord

11. Brain Divisions

12. Four Cerebral Lobes

13. Midsagittal View of Brain

14. Ventral Surface of Brain

15. Cerebral Cortex

16. Basal Ganglia Three Main Components Caudate Nucleus Caudate Nucleus Putamen Putamen Globus Pallidus Globus Pallidus Major Functions Motor Control Motor Control Somatosensory-Motor Integration Somatosensory-Motor Integration Diseases of the BG Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Huntington’s Disease

17. Limbic System Limbic Structures: a group of structures surrounding the brain stem Cingulate Cortex Cingulate Cortex Hippocampus Hippocampus Amygdala Amygdala Mammillary Bodies Mammillary Bodies Anterior Hypothalamus Anterior Hypothalamus Fornix FornixFunctions Emotions Emotions Memory Memory

18. DiencephalonThalamus Two lobes at the anterior portion of the brain stem surrounding the third ventricle, joined by massa intermedia Two lobes at the anterior portion of the brain stem surrounding the third ventricle, joined by massa intermedia Interconnected with Cerebral Cortex and with Cerebellum Interconnected with Cerebral Cortex and with Cerebellum Major Sensory Relay Major Sensory Relay Vision: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Hearing: Medial Geniculate Nucleus Touch: Ventral Posterior Nucleus Smell: Medial Dorsal Nucleus Taste: Ventral Posterior Nucleus

19. DiencephalonHypothalamus Located below the anterior thalamus Located below the anterior thalamus Contains several subdivisions and interconnected with limbic system regions Contains several subdivisions and interconnected with limbic system regions Detection of need states, involved in hormone and temperature, fluid & nutrient regulation Detection of need states, involved in hormone and temperature, fluid & nutrient regulation

20. Brain Stem Brain Stem—midbrain + hindbrain (minus the cerebellum)

21. Tectum (“roof”) relays visual and auditory information and controls simple reflexes, eye and ear orientation movements relays visual and auditory information and controls simple reflexes, eye and ear orientation movements superior colliculi (“little hills”)—relay visual information inferior colliculi—relay auditory information Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

22. Tegmentum (“floor covering”) Substantia nigra—integration of voluntary movements Substantia nigra—integration of voluntary movements Red nucleus—controls basic body movements Red nucleus—controls basic body movements Reticular formation—controls arousal and consciousness Reticular formation—controls arousal and consciousness Raphé system Raphé system

23. The Hindbrain

24. Metencephalon Pons—a “bridge” for many fibers passing from one side of the brain to the other. Pons—a “bridge” for many fibers passing from one side of the brain to the other. Contains sensory fibers, fibers from the cortex to cerebellum, and fibers that relay information on sleep, arousal, muscle tone, and dreaming. Cerebellum—involved in the development and coordination of movement Cerebellum—involved in the development and coordination of movement Myelencephalon Medulla Oblongata Medulla Oblongata Cranial nerve nuclei Regulates basic life functions (e.g., respiration, heart rate, vomiting, salivation)

25. Cerebellum Components Vermis Vermis Lateral zone Lateral zone Flocculonodular lobe Flocculonodular lobe Cell Layers Molecular Layer Molecular Layer Purkinje Cell Layer Purkinje Cell Layer Granule Cell Layer Granule Cell Layer Major Functions Balance Balance Motor Coordination Motor Coordination Timing and sequencing of rapid movements Timing and sequencing of rapid movements Sensorimotor Learning Sensorimotor Learning Cognition? Cognition?