1. The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

2. Endocrine Organs Figure 6.1
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3. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Figure 6.2a
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4. Neural Connection to Posterior Pituitary
Figure 6.3
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5. Hormones of Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
Paraventricular nucleus
Water balance and osmolarity
Oxytocin
Supraoptic nucleus
Milk ejection
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6. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System
Links two capillary beds
Exchange between blood and tissue occurs in capillaries
Figure 6.4
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7. Tropic Hormones Tropic Hormones of Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
Figure 6.5
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8. Control of Hypothalamic Tropic Hormone Release
Neural input
Hormonal
Negative feedback
Circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
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9. Negative Feedback Loops
Anterior pituitary
Endocrine gland
Tropic hormone 1
secretion
Target cell response
Hypothalamus
Hormone 3 secretion
Tropic hormone 2
Long loop
negative
feedback
Short loop
Figure 6.6
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10. Feedback Control: Thyroid
Thyroid gland
Thyrotropin releasing
hormone (TRH) secretion
Thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) secretion
Thyroid hormone
secretion
Anterior pituitary
Target cell response
Hypothalamus
Long loop
negative
feedback
Figure 6.7
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11. Pineal Gland Glandular tissue in brain Secretes melatonin
Function unknown
May be involved in circadian rhythms
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12. Pineal Gland
Figure 6.2a
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13. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Figure 6.8
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14. Adrenal Glands Figure 6.9a
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15. Adrenal Glands Figure 6.9b
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16. Hormones of the Adrenal Gland: Adrenocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Secreted from zonae glomerulosa
Regulates sodium and potassium levels
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Secreted from zonae fasciculata and reticularis
Regulates body’s response to stress
Regulates metabolism
Sex hormones (androgens)
Regulate reproductive function
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17. Anatomy of the Pancreas
Figure 6.10a
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18. Anatomy of the Pancreas
Figure 6.10b
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19. Acinar and duct cells secrete fluid and enzymes into digestive tract
Exocrine Pancreas
Acinar and duct cells secrete fluid and enzymes into digestive tract
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20. Endocrine Pancreas Islets of Langerhans Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin
Delta cells: somatostatin
F cells: pancreatic polypeptide
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21. Gonads Male—testes Female—ovaries Testosterone Androstenedione
Estradiol
Progesterone
Placenta of pregnant female
Estrogens and progesterone
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22. Neural Control of Hormone Release
Figure 6.11
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23. Humoral Control of Hormone
Figure 6.12
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24. Anatomy of the Pancreas
Figure 6.10
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25. Hormonal Control by a Circadian Rhythm
Neural control of circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Hormonal control of circadian rhythm
Melatonin
Resets daily cycle based on light stimulus
All tropic hormones of hypothalamus affected by circadian rhythm from suprachiasmatic nucleus
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26. Transport of Hormones Hydrophilic hormones Hydrophobic hormones
Peptides, catecholamines
Dissolved in plasma
Hydrophobic hormones
Steroids, thyroid hormones
Bound to carrier proteins
Only free hormone can bind to receptor
Only free hormone can be metabolized
Longer half-life
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27. Rate of Hormone Metabolism
Sites of hormone metabolism
Target cell
Blood
Liver
Lipophilic hormones can be stored in adipose tissue
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28. IV. Abnormal Secretion of Hormones
Hormone levels must be kept in balance
Pathologies
Hyposecretion: too little
Hypersecretion: too much
Abnormal Tissue Responsiveness
Normal hormone levels
Tissue responds inappropriately
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29. Primary versus Secondary Secretion Disorders
Abnormality in endocrine organ secreting hormone
Secondary
Abnormality in tropic hormone
Hypothalamic tropic hormone
Anterior pituitary tropic hormone
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30. Abnormal Secretion: Thyroid
Abnormal thyroid gland
Regulation
inadequate
Excess thyroid
hormone (TH)
secretion
(a)
Primary hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
Thyrotropin
releasing hormone
(TRH) secretion
Thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Anterior pituitary
START HERE
Hypothalamus
Negative
feedback
Figure 6.13a
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31. Abnormal Secretion: Thyroid
Secondary hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
Thyroid gland
Excess thyroid
hormone (TH)
secretion
Thyrotropin
releasing hormone
(TRH) secretion
stimulating hormone
(TSH) secretion
Abnormal anterior pituitary
START HERE
Hypothalamus
Regulation
inadequate
Negative
feedback
Figure 6.13b, step 5
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