1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal structure and function

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions result from specific structures Palm Finger 2 Finger 3 Shaft Barb Barbule Hook Feather structure Wrist Forearm Finger 1 Internal bone structure Shaft Figure 20.1 Form and Function

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ system -> Organism Muscle cell A Cellular level B Tissue level Muscle tissue C Organ level Heart E Organism level Many organ systems functioning together D Organ system level Circulatory system Figure 20.2A–E Hierarchy of Structure

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Groups of similar cells, same function Types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Tissues

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial tissue Functions: protection, secretion, and exchange Basement membrane (extracellular matrix) Free surface of epithelium Cell nuclei A Simple squamous epithelium (lining the air sacs of the lung) B Simple cuboidal epithelium (forming a tube in the kidney) C Simple columnar epithelium (lining the intestine) D Stratified squamous epithelium (lining the esophagus) Layers of dead cells Rapidly dividing epithelial cells E Stratified squamous epithelium (human skin) Colorized SEM Figure 20.4A–E Underlying tissue

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage- forming cells Matrix D Cartilage (at the end of a bone) Central canal Matrix Bone- forming cells E Bone F Blood A Loose connective tissue (under the skin) Elastic fibers Collagen fiber Cell Collagen fibers Cell nucleus B Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon) White blood cells Red blood cell Plasma C Adipose tissue Fat droplets Connective tissue Functions and types: ? Loose CT, adipose, blood, fibrous, bone, cartilage Figure 20.5A–F

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle tissue Functions and types: Skeletal, smooth and cardiac Unit of muscle contraction Muscle fiber Nucleus A Skeletal muscle Nucleus Muscle fiber Junction between two cells Muscle fiber Nucleus C Smooth muscle B Cardiac muscle Figure 20.6A–C

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell body Nucleus Cell extensions LM 330  Figure 20.7 Communication network Neurons transmit nerve signals – Electrical and chemical Nervous tissue

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Made of several tissues Figure 20.9 Small intestine (cut open) Lumen Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (2 layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Lumen Organs

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings May have multiple functions 11 systems in humans Organ systems

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Digestive system Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus B Respiratory system Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Figure 20.10A, B Digestive and respiratory systems

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Moves food and oxygen Protection C Circulatory system Heart Blood vessels E Lymphatic system D Immune system Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Lymph vessels Figure 20.10C–E Circulatory and lymphatic (immune) system

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Excretory Endocrine and nervous systems – Control body functions F Excretory system Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Pituitary gland Thymus Thyroid gland Testis (male) Adrenal gland Pancreas G Endocrine system Ovary (female) Figure 20.10F–G More systems

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary system Skeletal and muscular systems I Integumentary system Hair Skin Nails K Muscular system Skeletal muscles Figure 20.10I–K Cartilage Bones J Skeletal system More Systems

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.10L Female Vas deferens Penis Urethra Testis Prostate gland Male Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina L Reproductive systems Reproductive system

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Computed tomography (CT) scans Figure 20.11AFigure 20.11B Seeing Inside

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings MRM Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) 3D! Figure 20.11C

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PET Positron-emission tomography (PET) HEARING WORDS SEEING WORDS SPEAKING WORDS GENERATING WORDS MIN MAX Figure 20.11D

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interactions with External Environment Open systems: Exchange between animals and environment

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Small animals Use surface area to meet their cells’ needs Diffusion Two cell layers Diffusion Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Figure 20.12A Interactions with External Environment

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larger animals Specialized structures to increase surface area Exchange in interstitial fluid Respiratory system Excretory system Digestive system Circulatory system External environment Food Mouth Animal Body cells Interstitial fluid Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (urine) Intestine Nutrients CO 2 O2O2 Figure 20.12B Interactions with External Environment

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.12C Larger animals

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulation of internal environment Staying within safe levels Maintain constant internal environment Homeostatic mechanisms External environment Internal environment Small fluctuations Large fluctuations Figure 20.13AFigure 20.13B Homeostasis

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative Feedback Figure 1.5

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Positive Feedback output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Figure 1.6

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thermoregulation Ectotherms Endotherms

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings LE 40-12 River otter (endotherm) Largemouth bass (ectotherm) Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C) 01020 30 40 Body temperature (°C) 30 20 10

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thermoregulation Heat loss/gain Integumentary system Evaporation Behavior Vasodilation/-constriction