1. Disorders of High Level Functions: Amnesia, Aphasia, and Prosopagnosia Arielle Tambini SPLASH November 21, 2004 MIT Braintrust

2. Memory Explicit/semantic Implicit/episodic Long-term Short-term

3. Amnesia Causes Retrograde Anterograde Transient global

4. HM Epilepsy treatment Anterograde amnesia Long-term explicit memory deficits Short-term intact “You just remember 8. You see 5, 8, 4 add to 17. You remember 8; subtract from 17 and it leaves 9. Divide 9 by half and you get 5 and 4, and there you are – 584.”

5. Temporal-lobe Amnesia Intact implicit memories Blinking study Motor tasks Computer programming Role of hippocampus Imaging studies

6. Episodic memory deficits Developmental Loss of blood flow Bilateral hippocampal damage Prefrontal damage “Childhood amnesia” Aging Korsakoff’s syndrome

7. Aphasia Definition Left hemisphere Causes History

8. Broca’s/nonfluent aphasia Characteristics Anomia Short sentences Language comprehension Broca’s area Theories of function

9. Broca’s/nonfluent aphasia “I asked Mr. Ford about his work before he entered the hospital. ‘I’m a sig… no… man… uh, well,… again.” These words were emitted slowly, and with great effort. The sounds were not clearly articulated; each syllable was uttered harshly, explosively, in a throaty voice. With practice, it was possible to understand him, but at first I encountered considerable difficulty with this. ‘Let me help you,’ I interjected. ‘You were a signal…” ‘A signal man… right,’ ‘Were you in the Coast Guard?’ ‘No, er, yes, yes... Ship… Massachu… chusetts… Coastguard… years.’ He raised his hands twice, indicating the number 19.

10. Wernicke’s/fluent aphasia Characteristics Comprehension and production loss Speech “Nothing the keesereez the, these are davereez and these and this one and these are living. This one’s right in and these are … uh… and that’s nothing, that’s nothing.” Wernicke’s area Normal function

11. Aphasias Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Apraxia (action) Agnosia (perception) Other areas Severity Onset

12. Aphasias Handedness Language localization Recovery Bilingual aphasics Deafness and aphasia? Plasticity

13. Agnosia Definition Prosopagnosia Causes Intact object recognition Recognition of face

14. Prosopagnosia Face perception Fusiform Face Area (FFA) Holistic processing Expertise Greeble training