1. Properties of Solutions
Chapter 7 Solutions
7.6
Properties of Solutions
Ethylene glycol is added to a radiator to form an aqueous solution that has a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than water.

2. Solutions Solutions are transparent do not separate
contain small particles, ions or molecules that cannot be filtered and pass through semipermeable membranes

3. Colloids Colloids have medium-size particles cannot be filtered
can be separated by semipermeable membranes

4. Colloids

5. Suspensions Suspensions have very large particles settle out
can be filtered
must be stirred to stay suspended
Examples include blood platelets, muddy water, and
calamine lotion.

6. Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions

7. Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions
Properties of different types of mixtures: (a) suspensions settle out; (b) suspensions are separated by a filter; (c) solution particles go through a semipermeable membrane, but colloids and suspensions do not.

8. Learning Check
A mixture that has solute particles that do not settle out but are too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane is called a _______.
A. solution
B. colloid
C. suspension

9. Solution
A mixture that has solute particles that do not settle out but are too large to pass through a semipermeable membrane is called a ______.
B. colloid

10. Colligative Properties
depend on the number of solute particles in solution
include freezing point lowering
include boiling point elevation
The solute particles disrupt the
formation of solid crystals,
lowering the freezing point of
the solvent.
Ethylene glycol is added to a radiator to form an aqueous solution that has a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than water.

11. Colligative Properties and Electrolytes
break up into ions in solution, increasing the number of particles
include freezing point lowering
include boiling point elevation
1 mole of CaCl2 = 3 moles of ions

12. Osmosis
In osmosis,
water (solvent) flows from the lower solute concentration into the higher solute concentration
the level of the solution with the higher solute concentration rises
the concentrations of the two solutions become equal with time
Water flows into the solution with a higher solute concentration until the flow of water becomes equal in both directions.

13. Osmotic Pressure Osmotic pressure is
produced by the solute particles dissolved in a solution
equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution
greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases

14. Learning Check
A semipermeable membrane separates a 10% sucrose solution
A. from a 5% sucrose solution
B. If sucrose is a colloid,
Fill in the blanks in the statements below:
1. Solution ____ has the greater osmotic pressure.
2. Water initially flows from ___ into ___.
3. The level of solution ____will be lower.

15. Solution A semipermeable membrane separates a 10% sucrose solution
A. from a 5% sucrose solution
B. If sucrose is a colloid,
Fill in the blanks in the statements below:
1. Solution _A_ has the greater osmotic pressure.
2. Water initially flows from _B_ into _A_.
3. The level of solution _B_ will be lower.

16. Osmotic Pressure in Blood
Red blood cells
have cell walls that are semipermeable membranes
maintain an osmotic pressure that cannot change or damage occurs
must maintain an equal flow of water between the red blood cell and its surrounding environment

17. Isotonic Solutions An isotonic solution
exerts the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells, RBCs
of 5.0% (m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl are typical isotonic solutions
(a) In an isotonic solution, a red blood cell retains its normal volume.

18. Hypotonic Solution A hypotonic solution
has a lower solute concentration than red blood cells
means water flows into cells by osmosis
The increase in fluid causes the
cells to swell and burst, a
condition called hemolysis.
(b) Hemolysis: In a hypotonic solution, water flows into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and burst.

19. Hypertonic Solution A hypertonic solution
has a higher solute concentration than RBCs
water goes out of the cells by osmosis
causes crenation: RBCs shrink in size
(c) Crenation: In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the red blood cell, causing it to shrink.

20. Dialysis
In dialysis,
solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane
large particles are retained inside
waste particles such as urea from blood are removed using hemodialysis (artificial kidney)
(a) In an isotonic solution, a red blood cell retains its normal volume. (b) Hemolysis: In a hypotonic solution, water flows into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and burst. (c) Crenation: In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the red blood cell, causing it to shrink.

21. Learning Check Indicate if each of the following solutions is
A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic
1. ____ 2% NaCl solution
2. ____ 1% glucose solution
3. ____ 0.5% NaCl solution
4. ____ 5% glucose solution

22. Solution Indicate if each of the following solutions is
A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic
1. _C__ 2% NaCl solution
2. _B__ 1% glucose solution
3. _B__ 0.5% NaCl solution
4. _A__ 5% glucose solution

23. Learning Check When placed in each of the following, indicate if a red
blood cell will
A. not change
B. undergo hemolysis
C. undergo crenation
1.____ 5% glucose solution
2.____ 1% glucose solution
3.____ 0.5% NaCl solution
4.____ 2% NaCl solution

24. Solution When placed in each of the following, indicate if a red
blood cell will
A. not change
B. undergo hemolysis
C. undergo crenation
1._A__ 5% glucose solution
2._B__ 1% glucose solution
3._B__ 0.5% NaCl solution
4._C__ 2% NaCl solution

25. Concept Map