1. Honors Chemistry Chapter 2
Matter and Change

2. Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass- amount of matter an object contains
Materials – differ in type of matter they are composed of

4. The Properties of Matter
Extensive properties – depend on the amount of matter that is present
Example – volume, mass, amount of energy in the substance
Intensive properties – do not depend on the amount of matter that is present
Example – melting point, boiling point, density

5. Substance – matter that is uniform and has a definite composition
All samples of an identical substance have the identical physical and chemical properties
Physical property – quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition

6. Properties of Matter
When a substance undergoes a physical change, its physical appearance changes.
Ice melts: a solid is converted into a liquid.
Physical changes DO NOT result in a change of composition.

7. Examples of Physical Properties
Color
Odor
Hardness
Density
Solubility
Melting point, boiling point, freezing point
Physical state – solid, liquid, gas

8. Page 40 Table 2.1 Physical properties of some substances

9. States of matter Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g)
Plasma – we don’t deal with

10. Classification of Matter
States of Matter
Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.
Gases have no fixed shape or volume.
Gases can be compressed to form liquids.
Liquids have no shape, but they do have a volume.
Solids are rigid and have a definite shape and volume.

11. Gas and vapor not the same
Gas – normally exists that way at room temperature
Vapor – gas state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature

12. Physical change
A change which alters a material without changing its composition
Cutting, grinding, melting, boiling, freezing, dissolving

13. Physical and Chemical Changes

14. Mixtures Physical blend of two or more substances Composition can vary
2 types:
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous

15. Heterogeneous Mixture
Not uniform in composition
Has 2 or more phases
Phase – any part of a system with uniform composition and properties
Dirt, salad, paper, rocky road ice cream

17. Homogeneous Mixture Has a completely uniform composition
All components are evenly distributed
Consists of a single phase
Called a SOLUTION

18. Solution – what do you think of?
Can be gas, liquid, or solid!!!!!

19. Separating mixtures Use PHYSICAL methods Magnet, sifting,
Liquid mixtures – distillation Page 47

20. Organic distillation
Distillation

21. Substances Can be elements or compounds Element – definition
Compound – 2 or more elements that have been CHEMICALLY combined.
Can only be separated by CHEMICAL means

22. Sugar + heat carbon + water
Water + electric current  hydrogen +
oxygen

23. Properties of compounds
MUCH DIFFERENT THAN THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS FROM WHICH THEY ARE COMPOSED!!!!!
NaCl

25. Flow chart – Pg. 50
Elements  represented by symbols
Compounds  represented by formulas
Pg. 52 Table 2.2

26. Chemical Change
A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

27. Properties of Matter
When a substance changes its composition, it undergoes a chemical change:
When pure hydrogen and pure oxygen react completely, they form pure water.

28. Is iron transforming into rust a physical or chemical change
Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

29. The color of sulfur is yellow..
Physical
Chemical
Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

30. Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases
Physical
Chemical
Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

31. Aluminum melts at 933 K Physical Chemical
Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

32. Plants use CO2 to make sugar
Physical
Chemical
Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

33. Chemical Reactions One or more substances change into new substances
REACTANT(S)  PRODUCT(S)
 means “change into”, “produce”, “yields”

34. Chemical Property
The ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and to form new substances
Rusting, burning, fermenting, exploding, rotting, decomposing
Iron and sulfur example

35. Indications that a chemical reaction has occurred
Energy released or absorbed
Color change
Odor released
Production of a gas
Irreversibility
Production of light

36. Law of Conservation of Mass
During any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants.