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Fundamentals of Organization Structure
Chapter Three Fundamentals of Organization Structure Thomson Learning © 2004
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A Sample Organization Chart
Thomson Learning © 2004
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Organizational Structures
Functional Functional + Cross-Functional Linkages Divisional Matrix Horizontal Modular Hybrid Thomson Learning © 2004
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Symptoms of Structural Deficiency
Decision making is delayed / poor quality: Overloaded at top Insufficient delegation to bottom Diagnosis: Inadequate vertical (esp.) linkages Thomson Learning © 2004
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Symptoms of Structural Deficiency
Lack of adaptive response: departmental ‘walls’ internal focus Diagnosis: Inadequate horizontal and external linkages Thomson Learning © 2004
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Symptoms of Structural Deficiency
Too much conflict is evident: Lack of goal congruence Sub-optimization Diagnosis: Inadequate horizontal linkages Thomson Learning © 2004
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The Relationship of Organization Design to Efficiency vs
The Relationship of Organization Design to Efficiency vs. Learning Outcomes Horizontal Organization Designed for Learning (Exploration) Horizontal structure is dominant Shared tasks, empowerment Relaxed hierarchy, few rules Horizontal, face-to-face communication Many teams and task forces Decentralized decision making Dominant Structural Approach Vertical structure is dominant Specialized tasks Strict hierarchy, many rules Vertical communication and reporting systems Few teams, task forces or integrators Centralized decision making Vertical Organization Designed for Efficiency (Exploitation) Thomson Learning © 2004
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Ladder of Non-Structural Mechanisms for Vertical Linkage and Coordination
H IGH Vertical Information Systems Rules & Plans Coordination Required Amount of Horizontal LOW Hierarchical Referral LOW HIGH Information Capacity of Linkage Mechanism Thomson Learning © 2004
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Ladder of Non-Structural Mechanisms for Horizontal Linkage and Coordination
H IGH Teams Full-time Integrators Task Forces Coordination Required Amount of Horizontal Direct Contact LOW Information Systems LOW HIGH Cost of Coordination in Time and Human Resources Thomson Learning © 2004
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Project Manager Location in the Structure (Full-time Integrators)
President Finance Department Financial Accountant Budget Analyst Management Engineering Product Designer Draftsperson Electrical Marketing Market Researcher Advertising Specialist Planner Purchasing Buyer Project Manager New Product B Product A Product C Thomson Learning © 2004
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Teams Used for Horizontal Coordination at Wizard Software Company
President Marketing Vice Pres. Programming Vice Pres Research Vice Pres Videogames Basic Research Supervisor Videogames Sales Manager Videogames Chief Engineer Videogames Product Team Applications and Testing Supervisor Memory Products Sales Manager Memory Products Chief Programmer Memory Products Research Supervisor Memory Products Team Memory Products International Manager Customer Service Manager Procurement Supervisor Advertising Manager Thomson Learning © 2004
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Structural Design Options for Grouping Employees into Departments
Functional Grouping CEO Engineering Marketing Manufacturing Divisional Grouping Source: Adapted from David Nadler and Michael Tushman, Strategic Organization Design (Glenview, Ill.: Scott Foresman, 1988), 68. Thomson Learning © 2004
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Functional Organization Structure
Allows economies of scale within functional departments Enables in-depth knowledge and skill development Enables organization to accomplish functional goals Is best with only one or a few products WEAKNESSES: Slow response time to environmental changes May cause decisions to pile on top, hierarchy overload Leads to poor horizontal coordination among departments Results in less innovation Involves restricted view of organizational goals Source: Adapted from Robert Duncan, “What Is the Right Organization Structure? Decision Tree Analysis Provides the Answer,” Organizational Dynamics (Winter 1979): 429. Thomson Learning © 2004
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Geographical Structure for Apple Computer
CEO Steve Jobs Apple Europe Pacific France Products Asia Japan Australia Americas Canada Latin America/ Caribbean Sales Service and Marketing to Regions Thomson Learning © 2004 Source:
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Divisional Organization Structure
Suited to fast change in unstable environment Leads to client satisfaction because product responsibility and contact points are clear Involves high coordination across functions Allows units to adapt to differences in products, regions, clients Best in large organizations with several products Decentralizes decision-making WEAKNESSES: Eliminates economies of scale in functional departments Leads to poor coordination across product lines Eliminates in-depth competence and technical specialization Makes integration and standardization across product lines difficult Source: Adapted from Robert Duncan, “What Is the Right Organization Structure? Decision Tree Analysis Provides the Answer,” Organizational Dynamics (Winter 1979): 431. Thomson Learning © 2004
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Reorganization from Functional Structure to Divisional Structure at Info-Tech
R&D Manufacturing Accounting Marketing Info-Tech President Divisional Structure Thomson Learning © 2004
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Structural Design Options for Grouping Employees (Continued)
Multifocused Grouping CEO Manufacturing Marketing Product Division 2 Division 1 Source: Adapted from David Nadler and Michael Tushman, Strategic Organization Design (Glenview, Ill.: Scott Foresman, 1988), 68. Thomson Learning © 2004
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Dual-Authority Structure in a Matrix Organization
President Director Design Mfg Marketing Procure- ment of Product Vice President Vice President Vice President Controller Operations Manager Product Manager A Product Manager B Product Manager C Product Manager D Thomson Learning © 2004
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Matrix Organization Structure
Achieves coordination necessary to meet dual demands from customers Flexible sharing of human resources across products Suited to complex decisions and frequent changes in unstable environment Provides opportunity for both functional and product skill development Best in medium-sized organizations with multiple products WEAKNESSES: Causes participants to experience dual authority, which can be frustrating and confusing Means participants need good interpersonal skills and extensive training Is time consuming; involves frequent meetings and conflict resolution sessions Will not work unless participants understand it and adopt collegial rather than vertical-type relationships Requires great effort to maintain power balance Source: Adapted from Robert Duncan, “What Is the Right Organization Structure? Decision Tree Analysis Provides the Answer,”Organizational Dynamics (Winter 1979): 429. Thomson Learning © 2004
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Structural Design Options for Grouping Employees (Continued)
Horizontal Grouping CEO Human Resources Finance Core Process 1 Core Process 2 Source: Adapted from David Nadler and Michael Tushman, Strategic Organization Design (Glenview, Ill.: Scott Foresman, 1988), 68. Thomson Learning © 2004
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A Horizontal Structure
Team 3 2 1 Top Management Customer Process Owner Testing Product Planning Research Market Analysis New Product Development Process Distrib. Material Flow Purchasing Procurement and Logistics Process Sources: Based on Frank Ostroff, The Horizontal Organization, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); John A. Byrne, “The Horizontal Corporation,” Business Week, December 20, 1993, 76-81; and Thomas A. Stewart, “The Search for the Organization of Tomorrow,” Fortune, May 19, 1992, Thomson Learning © 2004
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Horizontal Structure
Determining core processes to organize around is difficult and time-consuming Requires changes in culture, job design, management philosophy, and information and reward systems Traditional managers may balk when they have to give up power and authority Requires significant training of employees to work effectively in a horizontal team environment Can limit in-depth skill development STRENGTHS: Flexibility and rapid response to changes in customer needs Directs the attention of everyone toward the production and delivery of value to the customer Each employee has a broader view of organizational goals Promotes a focus on teamwork and collaboration—common commitment to meeting objectives Improves quality of life for employees by offering them the opportunity to share responsibility, make decisions, and be accountable for outcomes Thomson Learning © 2004
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Modular Structure Widgets Inc. Cutting Edge Design People ‘R’ Us
Product Design HR Admin Widgets Inc. Build Masters Ace Logistics Manufacturing Procurement & Distribution Thomson Learning © 2004
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Modular Design
Enables small org’s to obtain talent & resources worldwide Gives immediate reach & scale without large investments in factories, equip, distribution Enables the org to be highly flexible & responsive to change Reduces administrative overhead costs Weaknesses Managers do not have hands-on control of many activities and employees (Quality assurance) Requires time & skill to manage relationships and possible conflict with contract partners There is a risk of organizational failure if a partner fails to deliver or goes out of business Employee commitment weakened by divided loyalties and feeling that can be replaced Thomson Learning © 2004
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Hybrid Structure Part 1. Sun Petrochemical Products
President Functional Structure Chief Counsel Human Resources Director Technology Vice President Financial Services Vice Pres. Product Structure Fuels Vice President Lubricants Vice President Chemicals Vice President Sources: Based on Linda S. Ackerman, “Transition Management: An In-Depth Look at Managing Complex Change,” Organizational Dynamics (Summer 1982): ; and Frank Ostroff, The Horizontal Organization, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), Fig. 2.1, 34. Thomson Learning © 2004
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Hybrid Structure Part 2. Ford Customer Service Division
Vice President and General Manager Functional Structure Finance Strategy and Communication Human Resources Director and Process Owner Teams Teams Parts Supply / Logistics Group Director and Process Owner Horizontal Structure Teams Teams Vehicle Service Group Director and Process Owner Teams Technical Support Group Sources: Based on Linda S. Ackerman, “Transition Management: An In-Depth Look at Managing Complex Change,” Organizational Dynamics (Summer 1982): ; and Frank Ostroff, The Horizontal Organization, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), Fig. 2.1, 34. Thomson Learning © 2004
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The Relationship of Structure to Organization’s Need for Efficiency vs
The Relationship of Structure to Organization’s Need for Efficiency vs. Learning Matrix Structure Horizontal Structure Functional Structure Functional with cross-functional teams, integrators Divisional Structure Modular Structure Horizontal: Coordination Learning Innovation Flexibility Dominant Structural Approach Vertical: Control Efficiency Stability Reliability Thomson Learning © 2004
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