1. Part 1: The Making of the Modern State
Russia
Part 1: The Making of the Modern State

2. Why do we study Russia?
History of Communism (Soviet Union) & Totalitarianism
Transition to Democracy
Example of Illiberal Democracy
Current trend to authoritarianism - Putin

3. Geography Officially, the Russian Federation
Largest successor state of the Soviet Union
Largest country in the world (area)
17,098,242 sq mi
Spans 11 time zones
Largest European country in population
140 million
73% live in urban areas
Critical location
Between Europe, Islamic World and Asia
Population was steadily declining after fall of USSR until 2009, but on the upswing now, although most question whether that trend will continue

4. The Bolshevik Revolution
1st country to base political system on Marxism
1917 Bolshevik Revolution
Led by V.I. Lenin
Overthrew tsarist govt
Marxism-Leninism
Vanguardism
Democratic centralism
Vanguardism:
Group of revolutionary leaders provoked revolution in (non-capitalist) Russia
Grows into a “vanguard party”
Political party that claims to operate in the “true” interests of the group/class that it represents, even if this understanding doesn’t correspond to the expressed interests of the group itself
Democratic Centralism:
Mandated a hierarchical party structure in which leaders are elected from below, but strict discipline is required in implementing party decisions once they are made

5. The Bolshevik Revolution
Discussion Question: How did Lenin’s revolution differ from what Marx envisioned?
Post-Czarist Russia was a backward poorly developed and largely feudal country where the industrial proletariat was a relatively small minority. To suggest that Russia could undergo a socialist revolution (as Lenin did in 1917) is a complete denial of the Marxist view of history
Lenin persistently rejected the view that the working class was capable of achieving socialism without leaders.

6. The Bolshevik Revolution
Discussion Question: How did Lenin’s revolution differ from what Marx envisioned?
Marx believed it was inevitable that in a capitalistic society, workers would eventually revolt and overthrow the bourgeoise (a socialist revolution) in order to create a classless, stateless, society
BUT at the time of the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia was a backward, poorly developed and largely feudal country with a very small industrial working class
Lenin saw the need for a strong leader/group to begin the revolution…and then continue as a strong state
Post-Czarist Russia was a backward poorly developed and largely feudal country where the industrial proletariat was a relatively small minority. To suggest that Russia could undergo a socialist revolution (as Lenin did in 1917) is a complete denial of the Marxist view of history
Lenin persistently rejected the view that the working class was capable of achieving socialism without leaders.
Whereas Marx saw the state as a feature of class society that would be used by a politically-conscious working class to bring about the transfer of power and then be abolished, Lenin saw the state as a permanent and vital part of what he perceived as socialism, and the state had to be strengthened.
The Russian state and its coercive arms became a huge, brutal dictatorship under Lenin, who set the scene for the entry of the dictator, Stalin

7. The Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin directed industrialization and agricultural development from a centralized govt
1922 Bolsheviks formed the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Authoritarian strains eclipsed democratic elements
No competing ideologies
Cheka – security arm of the regime was strengthened and restrictions were placed on other political groups
Also a time of international isolation

8. Stalinism (1929-1953) Placed Communist Party at center of control
Allowed no other political parties to compete
Leaders identified through nomenklatura
Process of party members selecting promising recruits from lower levels
Central Committee, Politburo, General Secretary
Collectivization & Industrialization
Took land from peasants and created state run collective farms
Private land ownership abolished
Five Year Plan
Set goals for production of heavy industry (oil, steel, electricity)
Communist Party:
Central Committee – group of 300 party leaders that met twice a year
Politburo – above the central committee, elite of the party. Lead policymaking organization in Soviet Union
General Secretary – head of the Politburo, assumed full power as dictator of the country
Collectivization:
By 1935, over 90% of agricultural land had been taken from the peasants and made into collective farms
It was rationalized as a means of preventing the emergence of a new capitalist class
Lead to widespread famine and deaths
Industrialization
Favored heavy industries, but neglected consumer goods
State planning committee (Gosplan)

9. Stalinism (1929-1953) Totalitarianism and Purges
Media censorship/state control of arts
Party authoritative source of truth
Estimated 5% of population (millions of citizens) were executed for “treason”
Attempts at De-Stalinization
Nikita Khrushchev led process of reforms
Rejected terror as political control
Loosened censorship
Restructured collective farms
Reforms didn’t work - ended with Brezhnev
Brezhnev partially reversed Khrushchev’s reforms. Controls tightened in cultural sphere; Individuals who expressed dissenting views were harassed, arrested, or exiled.
Unlike in Stalinist period, political repression was predictable

10. Gorbachev ( )
Mikhail Gorbachev – reformer who wanted to adapt communist system to new conditions, not usher in its demise
3 Main Goals:
Glasnost – political “Openness”
Allowed more open discussion of issues
Opened door for revolt by some republics
Democratization
Creation of Congress of People’s Deputies
President selected by Congress
Perestroika – Economic Reform
Transfer of economic powers from govt to private hands and market economy
Also, “New Thinking” in foreign policy – military buildup was halted

11. The Russian Federation: 1991 - Present
Aug 1991, “conservatives” (opposed to reform) led a coup d’etat to remove Gorbachev
Failed! Stopped by protesters led by a more radical reformer, Boris Yeltsin (the elected president)
Gorbachev restored to power but by Dec 1991, 11 republics declared their independence
End of USSR!!
Yeltsin emerged as president of largest and most powerful republic, Russian Federation

12. The Russian Federation: 1991 - Present
Yeltsin’s Goal
Create a western-style democracy
Constitution of 1993
Shock Therapy – rapid, radical, market reform
Loosened or lifted price and wage controls
Privatization Vouchers
Insider Privatization
Rise of Oligarchs & corruption
2000 Putin won presidency… more to come
Constitution of 1993:
3 branch govt
Pres, PM, lower legislative house (Duma), Constitutional Court
Shock Therapy:
Spontaneous Privatization (late 1980s - early 1990s): managers or bureaucrats made firms private without a legal basis
Privatization Vouchers, worth about $10, (November 1992) given to each Russian to invest in companies
Insider Privatization: majority of shares owned by firm’s employees
Effects of Shock Therapy:
High inflation (1354% in 1992) in 1990s
GDP declined: Agricultural and industrial production declined
Capital flight: money invested outside of country
Money laundering
Mafia
Rise of Oligarchs – elite, wealthy owners of natural resources and media that supported Yeltsin’s 2nd term and Putin’s 1st – very powerful

13. Russia
Part 2: Institutions

14. Political Structure
1993 Democratic Constitution…but a history of Authoritarianism
Currently considered a hybrid regime:
“Soft authoritarianism”
Semi-authoritarian
Federal system…but Asymmetric Federalism
89 regions (subnational units)
21 are ethnically non-Russian by majority (republics)
Some subnational units in the federal system have greater or lesser powers than others
Soft authoritarianism: A system of political control in which a combination of formal and informal mechanisms ensure the dominance of a ruling group or dominant party, despite the existence of some forms of political competition & expressions of political opposition
Semi-authoritarian: a political system in which elements of democracy are integrated into an otherwise authoritarian system
Federal System:
89 regions (subnational units)
21 are ethnically non-Russian by majority (republics)
Republics differ from other federal subjects in that they have the right to establish their own official language[1] and have their own constitution. Other federal subjects, such as krais (territories) and oblasts (provinces), aren't explicitly given this right. The chief executives of many republics used to have the title of president, but in 2010 an amendment to the federal law was adopted that reserves such title exclusively for the head of the Russian state
Central govt was weak under Yelstin, so many ruled themselves almost independently
Movements for independence always a threat – Chechnya

15. Political Structure
Discussion Question: Why does Russia have asymmetric federalism? What purpose does it serve?
Federal System:
89 regions (subnational units)
21 are ethnically non-Russian by majority (republics)
Republics differ from other federal subjects in that they have the right to establish their own official language[1] and have their own constitution. Other federal subjects, such as krais (territories) and oblasts (provinces), aren't explicitly given this right. The chief executives of many republics used to have the title of president, but in 2010 an amendment to the federal law was adopted that reserves such title exclusively for the head of the Russian state
Central govt was weak under Yelstin, so many ruled themselves almost independently
Movements for independence always a threat – Chechnya

16. Political Structure
Discussion Question: Why does Russia have asymmetric federalism? What purpose does it serve?
To deal with ethnic/regional cleavages; an attempt to keep them from seeking independence
Republics have the right to establish their own official language and have their own constitution
Krais (territories) and Oblasts (provinces), aren't explicitly given this right
Central govt was weak under Yelstin, so many ruled themselves almost independently
Federal System:
89 regions (subnational units)
21 are ethnically non-Russian by majority (republics)
Republics differ from other federal subjects in that they have the right to establish their own official language[1] and have their own constitution. Other federal subjects, such as krais (territories) and oblasts (provinces), aren't explicitly given this right. The chief executives of many republics used to have the title of president, but in 2010 an amendment to the federal law was adopted that reserves such title exclusively for the head of the Russian state
Central govt was weak under Yelstin, so many ruled themselves almost independently
Movements for independence always a threat – Chechnya

17. Political Structure Putin’s Crack-Down on Regional Autonomy
Military crushed Chechen resistance
Power Vertical & Creation of Super-Districts
7 new federal districts
Headed by presidential appointee
Appointment of Governors
Ended direct election of regional governors
Nominated by pres, confirmed by regional legislatures
Removal of Governors
Changes in Federation Council
Putin Reforms:
Power Vertical: Putin term to describe a unified and hierarchical structure of executive power ranging from the nat’l to local level
Super-Districts - In 2000, 7 new federal districts were created to encompass all of Russia. Each district was headed by a presidential appointee, who supervised the local authorities as Putin see fit
Purpose is to ensure compliance with federal laws & constitution
Appointment of governors – ended direct election of 89 regional governors. Now nominated by president, confirmed by regional legislatures
Removal of governors – Pres. may remove a governor who refuses to subject local law to nat’l constitution
Changes in Federation Council – governors now appoint one and regional legislature the other
Elimination of SMD in Duma – all proportional and threshold raised from 5 to 7%

18. Semi-Presidential Hybrid that borrows from pres/parliamentary systems
Strong President
Head of State – President
Vladimir Putin
Directly elected – majority/2 round model
Six year term*
Limit of two consecutive terms
Next election is March 2018
*Six year term started in 2012 (before that 4 year term)
2 round system, must receive 50+% of vote, if not, top two candidates face off in 2nd round

19. Will be 61 years old in Sept 2013

21. Semi-Presidential Powers of the President
Appoint PM, Cabinet & Governors
Issue decrees that have force of law
Dissolve the Duma
Call state of emergency/impose martial law
Call referendums
Suspend actions of other state organs
President can be impeached BUT…
Head of Gov’t – The Prime Minister
Dmitri Medvedev
Can be removed with 2 repeat votes of no confidence within 3 mths
Decrees:
The President has broad authority to issue decrees and directives that have the force of law without legislative review, although the constitution notes that they must not contravene that document or other laws
Dissolving the Duma:
The President may dissolve the State Duma if it either expresses no confidence in the Government of Russia or rejects his proposed candidate for the Russian Prime Minister three times.
The power to dissolve the State Duma has not been not exercised under the current Constitution of 1993.
Before the new constitution was enacted, President Boris Yeltsin had dissolved the Congress of People’s Deputies and Supreme Soviet of Russia during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, although he did not have the formal constitutional powers to do so.
Impeachment:
Involves two houses of legislative body, the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Court
If pres dies or becomes incapacitated, PM fills the post until new pres elections can be held

22. Semi-Presidential
Discussion Question: What features of the Russian system make it presidential? What features make it parliamentary?

23. Semi-Presidential
Discussion Question: What features of the Russian system make it presidential? What features make it parliamentary?
Presidential:
There’s a president (duh!) that’s directly elected (fixed election cycle)
President may veto Duma legislation
President may be impeached
Parliamentary:
PM is head of gov’t
Votes of No Confidence

24. The Executive
Discussion Question: How does the role of the Mexican president compare to the Russian president?
RUSSIA:
BOTH:
MEXICO:

25. The Executive
Discussion Question: How does the role of the Mexican president compare to the Russian president?
RUSSIA:
BOTH:
MEXICO:
Limited to 2 consecutive terms
Head of State only
Election is 2 round model
Weak check of power by legislative branch
Can dissolve Duma
Directly elected
6 year terms
Power has been unchecked by judiciary
Power of appointments
Power of decree
Power to remove governors
Sexenio – no re-election
Head of State and Head of Gov’t
Election is simple majority (plurality)
Starting to be challenged by legislature (Congress)

26. A Bicameral Legislature
Weak check on executive power
Duma – Lower House
450 Deputies (only about 13% women)
Selected by Proportional Representation (party list)* (changed in from mixed; NOTE: Will change back to Mixed in elections!)
5 year terms**
Powers
Passes bills
Approves budget
Confirms president’s appointments
Powers are limited
Pres may rule by decree
Duma’s attempts to reject prime ministers have failed
Representation in Duma:
Women underrepresented: in Supreme Soviet legislature 33%, %
Workers underrepresented: Russian politics primarily the domain of male elites
*Changed in 2007
PR since 2007 (half PR and half SMD before)
“Against all” option eliminated
No provision for minimum number of voters for election to be valid
7% threshold
BUT starting with 2016 elections – return to mixed!!
**Changed in 2011 elections (from 4 year terms)
Representatives are granted immunity from criminal prosecution

27. A Bicameral Legislature
Federation Council – Upper House
Represents regions
2 members from each of 89 federal subunits
1 chosen by governor of each region, other by regional legislature* (but remember…who appoints governors??)
Powers
Mostly delay bills (Duma overrides with 2/3 vote)
Approve presidential appointees and presidential decrees relating to martial law and states emergencies
May change boundaries among republics, ratify use of armed forces outside country, and appoint & remove judges
*Changed under Putin
Was originally made of governors

28. The Judiciary & Rule of Law
Constitutional Court
19 members, appointed by President, approved by Federation Council
Judicial review BUT…Court tries not to confront Presidency
Resolves conflicts regarding constitutionality of federal/regional laws & jurisdictional disputes between institutions
Pres, 1/5 of either house, citizens may request court to look at case
Supreme Court
Final court of appeals in criminal/civil cases
Does NOT have power of judicial review
No independent judiciary existed under the old Soviet Union – courts/judges served as pawns of the Communist party
Current status of independence from executive is questionable
One problem – most prosecutors and attorneys were trained under Soviet legal system, so judiciary suffers from lack of expertise carrying out responsibilities in the Constitution

29. The Judiciary & Rule of Law
Putin initiated law reform – jury trials
Procedural codes for criminal and civil rights
BUT…
Movement toward rule of law continues to be blocked by corruption
Security police continue to operate autonomously
Trials of oligarchs indicate courts still under political control of Putin
Corruption Survey Results
At least ½ of population involved in corruption daily
Bribes for auto permits, school enrollment, proper health care and favorable court rulings

30. The Military Source of Soviet strength during Cold War
Under Russian Federation historically weak and not a force
Showed some signs of strengthening (Georgia)
Importance has been elevated with invasion of Ukraine
2008: Russia’s lightning war against Georgia looks like a military triumph: An armada of Russian tanks easily crushed Georgia’s modest army in a show of muscle intended to punish its U.S.-allied neighbor, scare others and reaffirm Moscow’s influence on its former Soviet turf.
But the conflict also revealed crucial weaknesses in Moscow’s military preparedness — including faulty intelligence, a shortage of modern equipment and poor coordination

31. Linkage Institutions – Overview
Linkage Institutions – still not strong in Russia
Political Parties
Historically unstable…why?
No strong opposing political parties to dominating party
State Corporatism
State determines which groups have input into policymaking
Weak civil society means interest groups have no solid footing
Media
Some privately owned, but state controlled
Ranks 140th out of 178 in terms of press freedom
Linkage institutions – groups that link citizens to government
Why are political parties unstable?
Put together quickly after Revolution of 1991
Most formed around particular leader(s)
1995 – 43 parties on the ballot, by 1999 only 26
Hard to develop loyalties
2007 electoral changes to all PR and threshold from 5 to 7%
Smaller parties with regional support lost representation
2007: only 4 parties gained seats
Media:
Some state-owned (Russia TV and Channel One)
Some privately owned, but controlled by state (NTV is owned by state-controlled Gazprom)
Govt intervenes in some manner if government is criticized
52 journalists have been murdered since 1992, making Russia the 3rd most dangerous country for journalists in the world

32. Linkage Institutions – Political Parties
Dominant Party System
A party system in which one large party directs the political system, but small parties exist and may compete in elections
United Russia
Founded in April 2001 as merger of Fatherland All-Russia Party & Unity Party of Russia
Hard to define ideology – Pro Putin
Dominant Party System
Multiple parties and free and (more or less) fair elections exist but one party wins every election and governs continuously
Parties have to include regional representatives on list
Parties must have affiliates in more than half of regions, with a certain # of registered members in these regions
Choice of deputies on list must reflect strength of vote in region
Legally registered party
United Russia
Putin chair (not a member until recently)
Merger of several parties
Centrist, conservative, pragmatic,
Opposed to radicalism
State direction of economy
Catchall/Umbrella party
Market reforms are right-wing (pro-market and libertarian) and liberal (challenge status quo)
Conservative parties are leftist since they support strong state role in economy and society
Centrists: some reforms but preserving welfare state and gov’t intervention
Political Party
Seats (2011 Duma Elections)
United Russia
238
Communist party of the RF 92
Liberal Democratic Party 56
A Just Russia 64

33. Linkage Institutions
Discussion Question: How does United Russia dominate?

34. Linkage Instiutions
Discussion Question: How does United Russia dominate?
Putin!
Political machine that generates persuasive incentives for regional elites
Heads of Russian regions use their influence to bolster party’s votes (Pres appoints governors, remember?)
Election and political party requirements limit opposition
Parties have to include regional representatives on list
Parties must have affiliates in more than half of regions, with a certain # of registered members in these regions
Choice of deputies on list must reflect strength of vote in region
Legally registered party
7% threshold for Duma representation

35. Linkage Institutions – Political Parties
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)
Formed from Communist party of Soviet Union
Strongest opposition party to United Russia
Less reformist than other parties
Emphasizes centralized planning and nationalism
Implies intention to regain territories lost when USSR broke apart
Supported by older Russians, economically disadvantaged and rural residents
Dominant Party System
Multiple parties and free and (more or less) fair elections exist but one party wins every election and governs continuously
United Russia
Putin chair (not a member until recently)
Merger of several parties
Centrist, conservative, pragmatic,
Opposed to radicalism
State direction of economy
Catchall/Umbrella party
Market reforms are right-wing (pro-market and libertarian) and liberal (challenge status quo)
Conservative parties are leftist since they support strong state role in economy and society
Centrists: some reforms but preserving welfare state and gov’t intervention

36. Linkage Institutions – Political Parties
Liberal Democratic Party
Misnomer!
Vladimir Zhirinovsky – extreme nationalist
Anti-Western
Nuclear threats against Japan, anti-Semitic, sexist
Strongest support from working-class men and military
Strong support among working-class men
and military

37. Linkage Institutions – Political Parties
A Just Russia
Formed in 2006 – merger (Motherland People’s Patriotic Union/Party of Pensioners/Party of Life)
Led by Speaker of Federation Council Sergei Mironov
Left of United Russia
Opposition in name only
Supported Presidents Putin and Medvedev
“We are the party of the working man”

38. Linkage Institutions? Oligarchs, Media & Mafia
Wealthy elite that monopolized industries after privatization
At one point controlled over ½ of Russian GNP
Oil industry, media
Backed Yeltsin, but Putin now resisting their control
Mafia
Controls underworld crime
Gained power after Revolution of 1991

39. Part 3: Citizens, Society, and the State
Russia
Part 3: Citizens, Society, and the State

40. Social Cleavages -Nationality
Biggest Cleavage is Nationality
80% are Russian
Tatar = 3.8% (Muslim)
Ukrainian = 2%
Bashkir = 1.2%
Chuvash = 1.1%
Other = 12.1%
Because of structure of federation, ethnicity tends to be coinciding with region and often religion too
Russkii vs Rossiiskii
Chechnya - primary Muslim region has fought for independence
In the USSR, just over 50% of pop was ethnically Russian
Now most of the major ethnic minorities reside in other Soviet successor states
Russkii – Russian word for Russian ethnicity
Rossiiskii – refers to people of various ethnic backgrounds that make up Russian citizenry
Chechnya
Most ethnic minorities would like to have independence, but most have trade benefits that induce them to stay
Chechnya is a notable exception
Chechens have been involved in terrorist acts
The govt knows that if Chechnya is successful, other independence movements will break out in the country
In effort to gain legitimacy for Russian govt in Chechnya, a referendum was held to vote on a new constitution for the region
Was approved by Chechen voters, even though it declared their region was an “inseparable part” of Russia

41. Social Cleavages -Nationality
In the USSR, just over 50% of pop was ethnically Russian
Now most of the major ethnic minorities reside in other Soviet successor states
Russkii – Russian word for Russian ethnicity
Rossiiskii – refers to people of various ethnic backgrounds that make up Russian citizenry
Chechnya
Most ethnic minorities would like to have independence, but most have trade benefits that induce them to stay
Chechnya is a notable exception
Chechens have been involved in terrorist acts
The govt knows that if Chechnya is successful, other independence movements will break out in the country
In effort to gain legitimacy for Russian govt in Chechnya, a referendum was held to vote on a new constitution for the region
Was approved by Chechen voters, even though it declared their region was an “inseparable part” of Russia

42. Social Cleavages - Religion
Most ethnic Russians identify themselves as Russian Orthodox, but are largely nonreligious
Other religions are represented in small percentages
Muslims, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish
Recent rapid rise in Muslim share of population
Moscow (laborers)
The Caucasus (area between Black & Caspian Seas)
Includes Chechens
Very unstable region
Bashkortostan and Tatarstan
Religion History:
Tsarist Russia was overwhelmingly Russian Orthodox, tsar was spiritual head of church
Soviet Union – prohibited religious practices of all kinds – most people lost religious affiliations during 20th century
2007 – Russian Church Abroad (split after Bolshevik revolution b/c a “godless regime” was in power) reunited with Russian Orthodox Church after Putin met with church officials – reassured them he was a “believing” president
Moscow retained ultimate authority in appointments – critics say church is too much under gov’t control
Growing Muslim Population
Russia has more Muslims than any other European state besides Turkey
The Muslim share of the country’s population is expected to increase from 11.7% in 2010 to 14.4% in 2030
Russia’s non-Muslim population is expected to shrink by an average of 0.6% annually over the same 20-year period
Muslim women generally have more children than other women in Russia (marry more, divorce less, have fewer abortions)
Muslim population has greater percentage in younger ages
Some anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim feelings with rise of an exclusionary form of nationalism

43. Social Cleavages – Other
Social Class
In USSR – Communist party members (elite) vs. non-members
Modern times – small class of really rich (started with Oligarchs) vs working class (middle class small by Western standards)
Rural/Urban
73% now live in cities, mostly in west
More likely to be well educated and more in touch with western values
Social Class History:
Tsarist Russia nobility vs peasantry
Soviet Union abolished social class BUT created new division between communist party members/non-members
Only 7% were party members, but all political leaders were recruited from this group (nomenklatura)
However egalitarian views were promoted and economic/social background not important
Soviet times created large lower class, not much better off than Americans living in poverty
Late Soviet/Early Post-Soviet: severe inflation erased workers’ and pensioners’ life savings
New Russians: new upper class: previously held important state or party positions or ties to organized crime, and a few were entrepreneurs
Late 1990s and early 2000s: small middle class emerged in larger cities; older and rural remained poor, but general prosperity trickled down (partly through government programs)

44. Political Culture Deference to authority Mistrust of Government
Tradition of personalistic authority
Highly centralized leadership
Mistrust of Government
Most of population historically alienated from political system
Subjects rather than participants
Statism and Collectivist tendencies
Expect the state to take an active role in their lives
Collectivism/egalitarianism – distrust those who get ahead
Desire for order/stability
Even at expense of personal freedom
Collectivist Distrust those who get ahead…Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – audiences give the wrong answer so contestants won’t win

45. Political Culture
Discussion Question: In Russia, when a contestant on the show “Who Wants to be a Millionaire” asks the audience for help, the audience usually gives the incorrect answer. Based on your understanding of Russian political culture/cultural values, WHY do you think they give the wrong answer?

46. Political Culture
Discussion Question: In Russia, when a contestant on the show “Who Wants to be a Millionaire” asks the audience for help, the audience usually gives the incorrect answer. Based on your understanding of Russian political culture/cultural values, WHY do you think they give the wrong answer?
Because of Collectivist value, they distrust anyone who gets ahead, especially those who try to “get rich on the backs of the audience members”
Now in Russia, the oligarchs"-a select group of entrepreneurs who found a way to make quick money after the Soviet collapse-"all achieved their wealth by means which were of dubious regard at best. That's the first thing that Russians resent. And secondly I think they resent the very fact that these people have become so much richer than everyone else."
From this perspective, it is clear that the Who wants to Be a Millionaire audiences in Russia see contestants as trying to get rich on the backs of the audience members-and why should they contribute to such unfair behavior?

47. Political Culture Putin’s supporters tend to be ________________.
Slavophile vs. Westerner
Slavophile:
Nationalism
Defense of Russian interests/Slavic culture
Strong military
Reject western values
Against integration
Westerner:
Reformers
Want integration
Open to western values
Putin’s supporters tend to be ________________.
Slavophile vs. Westerner
Slavophile: nationalism, defense of Russian interests/Slavic culture, strong military, reject western values and integration
Westerner: reformers, want integration

48. Political Participation
Voting:
Voting 100% under USSR (compulsory)
Presidential Elections: around 70%, %*
Civil Society
Slowly started to emerge since 1991
Under Putin many obstacles:
Registration, reporting requirements, gov’t supervision
2007 restricting of use of public demonstrations and protests
The Other Russia
Opposition Movement
2012 Presidential Election – plagued by reports of fraud/corruption
Putin won percent of the vote in Chechnya
Precinct 451 in the capital Grozny, where Putin got 1,482 votes and (former Communist leader Gennady) Zyuganov got one. Only 1,389 people were registered to vote in the precinct. That means the turnout was 107 percent
New Protest Law:
The law allows individuals to picket, only if there is at least a 50-meter distance between each person picketing. All mass actions are forbidden where they would interfere with residents' access to transport, social infrastructure, everyday goods, pedestrian or motor traffic.
The list of specific places where mass action is forbidden is so exhaustive that it is hard to imagine an area that such a rally could occur. Any action with more than 100 participants has to be authorized, and is not allowed to have more than one person per every two square meters. The law says that any protest planned to take place near a government building would have to abide by separate rules
The Other Russia
Unites a wide range of opposition figures from both the left and right
July 31, 2009 leaders initiated series of monthly protests, each held on 31st of months with 31 days, to affirm right to free assembly provided for in Article 31 of constitution
Dec 31, 2010, dozens of protesters arrested

49. Political Participation
Russian Youth Groups
Created by Putin
Nashi (largest), Youth Guard and Locals
Part of an effort to build a following of loyal, patriotic, young people (diffuse youthful resistance)
Organize mass marches and demonstrations
Nashi
Marches/demonstrations (ex: against corruption of gov’t opponents, not gov’t officials)
Critics say Nashi is a modern version of Komsomol, youth wing of the Communist Party of Soviet Union
Nashi receives grants from the gov’t and large state-run businesses, so critics of the group see it as an arm of an increasingly authoritarian state

50. Political Participation
Propaganda
Nashi
Marches/demonstrations (ex: against corruption of gov’t opponents, not gov’t officials)
Critics say Nashi is a modern version of Komsomol, youth wing of the Communist Party of Soviet Union
Nashi receives grants from the gov’t and large state-run businesses, so critics of the group see it as an arm of an increasingly authoritarian state