1. Transcription Using DNA to make RNA

2. The “Big Picture” Goal Use DNA to make protein ▫Step 1: Replicate the DNA ▫Step 2: Transcribe DNA into RNA ▫Step 3: Translate RNA into protein Today is all about step 2: TRANSCRIPTION

3. What Does it Mean to “Transcribe” something? The definition in English: to make a written copy of something The scientific definition: when RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template, from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA in the nucleus The “in our own words” definition: using DNA to make RNA

4. Things to Keep in Mind: All of our traits come from our genes Genes are special segments of our DNA that code for 1000’s of very specific different proteins Human DNA is estimated to have 20,000- 25,000 different genes!

5. Transcription An enzyme called RNA polymerase finds the beginning of a gene Gene DNA Molecule RNA Polymerase

6. Transcription RNA polymerase moves down the gene and… ▫Unwinds the DNA molecule into 2 temporarily separated strands ▫“Reads” one of the strands of DNA and pairs free floating nucleotides to it forming a new single strand of RNA Direction of Movement New single strand of RNA

7. Transcription RNA polymerase reaches end of gene ▫RNA polymerase detaches ▫New strand of RNA detaches from DNA template DNA Molecule RNA Polymerase Completed new strand of RNA

8. RNA Stands for ribonucleic acid Single stranded Has a phosphate, ribose sugar, and base in each nucleotide Made from 4 different bases: ▫Guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), uricil (U)

9. Practice: If RNA polymerase were to find a gene, move down the gene unwinding the double stranded DNA, read the template strands to be this: A G G C T A T T G C A what would the sequence of the new strand of RNA be?

10. Practice: If RNA polymerase were to find a gene, move down the gene unwinding the double stranded DNA, read the template strands to be this: A G G C T A T T G C A what would the sequence of the new strand of RNA be? U C C G A U A A C G U

11. Similarities Between Replication and Transcription Both involve enzymes Both pair matching bases together Both occur in the nucleus

12. Differences Between Replication and Transcription ReplicationTranscription Copies ENTIRE strand of DNA Copies BOTH sides of DNA Adenine (A) matches with thymine (T) Final product: same thing you started with Copies only ONE gene of DNA Transcribes ONE side of DNA Adenine (A) matches with uracil (U) Final product: new single strand of RNA