1. CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS
1.Classification is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
2. Classification systems are always based on observable characteristics (characteristics you can observe through your senses).

2. Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study.
3.Taxonomy is the scientific study of how living things are classified.
4.A taxonomist is a scientist who classifies living things.

3. Why do scientists classify?
Classification systems organize living things in a logical, and meaningful way. This makes the study of living things easier.
Biologists have identified more than 2.5 million different types of living things to date.
Some estimate that there may be at least another 7 million different kinds of organisms living in tropical rain forests and deep in the oceans that have not yet been discovered.
5.To bring order to this great diversity of living things, we call BIODIVERSITY, biologists have developed systems of classification.

4. Early Classification Systems
Grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful
Recognized 5 animal groups:
a. domestic b. wild c. creeping d. flying e. sea animals
6. First scientist to use a classification system was the Greek scholar, Aristotle.
Aristotle:
4 th century
Greek philosopher
Divided organisms into 2 groups –plants and animals
Divided animals into how they moved (behavior)
a. walk, crawl, or run
b. fly
c. swim

6. Classified organisms based on similarities in form and structure.
7. Carolus Linnaeus- 1750s
Classified organisms based on similarities in form and structure.
Examined the organism’s internal anatomy as well as its outward structure.

7. Puma, Cougar, or Mountain Lion?
In North and South America, this large cat is called a mountain lion by some, a cougar by others and a mountain lion by still others. If these people were to talk to one another about this animal, they might get rather confused, thinking they were talking about three different animals.
Scientiest can not afford to have this confusion, so scientists around the world identify this large cat by only one name- Felis concolor. It is its scientific name. This name easily identifies the cat to all scientists, no matter where they live or what language they speak.
Puma, Cougar, or Mountain Lion?

8. 8.Carolus Linnaeus developed a system for naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. In this system, each organism is given a two part name, called the scientific name. Ex. Felis concolor Genus species (general) (specific)

9. Binomial nomenclature
Name consisting of two terms
A system of terms
“ a system of names consisting of two terms”
A two-name naming system
Genus-species
To help you understand this method of naming, think of the genus as your family name or last name. The species name could then be thought of as your first name. Your family name and your first name are the two names that identify you- the two names that most people know you by. They represent the most specific way of identifying you by name.

10. 9.The scientific name of an organism includes the genus and species.
10.The scientific name is written in Latin, because it was the language used by scientists when the naming system was invented. The language is also no longer used so it will not change and the names will also never change.
Genus is the first part of the scientific name. It is a classification grouping that contains similar and closely related organisms.
Example: Felis (genus) includes pumas, ocelots, and housecats.
They all share the following characteristics: sharp, retractable claws and hunting behaviors

11. sharp, retractable claws
Genus Felis
sharp, retractable claws
behaviors such as hunting other animals

12. Species is the second part of the scientific name.
A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
A species name often describes a distinctive feature of an organism, like its color or where it lives.
Example: Felis concolor
concolor means “the same color” in Latin; like a puma which is all one color;
Example: Felis pardalis
paradalis means “spotted like a panther” in Latin; like an ocelot which has a spotted coat;

13. Species - ? concolor = same color coat domesticus = house cat
Felis concolor
Felis domesticus
paradalis = spotted coat
Felis paradalis

14. Scientific name is written in italics or each part must be underlined.
Example: Felis concolor OR Felis concolor
Genus is written with a capital letter
Species is written with a lowercase letter.
The genus is written first and the species is written after it;
Examples
Felis domesticus = house cat
Pinus taeda = loblolly pine
Musca domestica = housefly
Ursus horribilis = grizzly bear

15. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

16. The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more
Linnaeus’ classification system uses a series of seven levels to classify organisms.
The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more
characteristics they have in common.
The kingdom is the broadest classification level; species is the most
specific.

17. The Seven Levels of Classification according to Linnaeus
Kingdom Kings broadest
Phylum Play
Class Cards
Order On
Family Fat
Genus Green
Species Stools most specific

18. Domains:
Archaea
Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Eukaryota (Eukarya)

19. The Modern Levels of Classification
Domain Do broadest
Kingdom Kings
Phylum Play
Class Cards
Order On
Family Fat
Genus Green
Species Stools most specific

20. Domain
Domain
Eukaryota (Eukarya)

21. great horned owl
A you move down the levels in the figure, there are fewer kinds of organisms in each group. More importantly, the organisms in each group have more in common with each other. For example, the class Aves includes all birds, while the order Strigiformes only includes owls. Different owls have more in common with each other than do different birds.
How many levels of classification do the great horned owl and the robin share? 3

22. THIS CATEGORY…
IS MUCH LIKE THIS CATEGORY.
Kingdom
Planet
Phylum
Hemisphere
Class
Continent
Order
Country
Family
State
Genus
City
Species
Street Address

23. Academy Road
Caldwell

24. What is the largest and most general level
of classification?
Species
Phylum
Kingdom

25. What is the two- part naming system
devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century ?
Classification
2. Binomial nomenclature
3. Dichotomous system

26. The science of grouping living things based on similarities is called _____.
classification
taxonomy
nomenclature

27. In the scientific name Felis concolor, “ concolor” refers to
genus
family
species

28. Which of the following is the correct form for writing the scientific name of an organism?
Felis Concolor
felis concolor
Felis concolor
4. Felis concolor

29. Prokaryotic cell – does not have a nucleus
Eukaryotic cell- has a nucleus

30. Heterotrophic – does not make its own food
Autotrophic – makes its own food

31. Unicellular – made up of one cell
Multicellular – made up of many cells

32. The Six Kingdoms of Living Things
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

33. Archaebacteria –”ancient bacteria” live in extreme conditions like hot springs, your intestines, in molten rock on the ocean floor; “the extremophiles”
prokaryotic; unicellular; autotrophic/heterotrophic 2.

34. prokaryotic; unicellular; autotrophic/heterotrophic;
Eubacteria – live in non-extreme conditions like your throat, in yogurt and cheeses; some are harmful, but most are helpful;
prokaryotic; unicellular; autotrophic/heterotrophic;

35. Protists – the “junk drawer” kingdom;
eukaryotic; unicellular/multicellular;
autotrophic/ heterotrophic