1. Gratiana boliviana Natural Enemies Tropical Soda Apple biodiversity Ana Samayoa

2. Predators of Gratiana boliviana

3. Family: Araneidae Genus: Argiope Species: aurantia Common name: Yellow Garden Spider

4. Family: Oxyopidae Genus:Peucetia Species: viridans Common Name: Lynx Spider

5. Family: Formicidae Genus: Solenopsis Species: invicta Common Name: Red Imported Fire Ant

6. Family: Pentatomidae Genus: Stiretrus Species: Anchorago Common name: Predatory stink bug

7. Family: Pentatomidae Genus: Stiretrus Species: Anchorago Common name: Predatory stink bug

8. Family: Reduviidae Genus: Sinea Species: sp. Common name: Assassin bug

9. Family: Lygaeidae Genus: Geocoris

10. Family: Carabidae Genus: Calleida Species: decora (F)

11. Family: Miridae Genus: Tupiocoris

12. Herbivores of Tropical Soda Apple

13. Family: Sphingidae Genus: Manduca Species: Sexta

14. Family: Sphingidae Genus: Manduca Species: Sexta

15. Family: Arctiidae Genus: Hypercompe Species: scribonia Common name: Giant leopard moth

16. Family: Arctiidae Genus: Hypercompe Species: scribonia Common name: Giant leopard moth

18. Family: Chrysomelidae Genus: Leptinotarsa Species: decemlineata Common name: Colorado Potato Beetle

19. Family: Chrysomelidae Genus: Leptinotarsa Species: decemlineata Common name: Colorado Potato Beetle

20. Family: Pentatomidae Genus: Arvelius Species: Albopunctatus Common name: Stink bug

21. Parasitoids of G. boliviana Family: Eulophidae Subfamily:Tetrastichinae

22. Pupae showing exit hole

23. Family: Chalcididae Genus: Conura Species: side

24. Pupae showing exit hole

25. Conditions of eggs and larvae collected from the field

26. Methods Field sites located in St. Lucie Co. and Okeechobee Co. Eggs and larvae collected along a TSA infested transect Eggs evaluated as: dehydrated, hatched and others (black and disease) Larvae evaluated as: healthy (adults) or black (potential disease)

27. Larvae Rearing Method

28. St. Lucie Co. Eggs Conditions 126 eggs collected September 2007

29. Okeechobee Co. Eggs Conditions 131 eggs collected October 2007

30. St. Lucie Co. larvae Conditions 49 larvae collected

31. Okeechobee Co. larvae conditions 47 Larvae collected

32. Pathogens of Gratiana boliviana

33. Sick yellow larvae Healthy green larvae

34. Microsporidia: Nosema found in midgut ID by Dr. Boucias Spores

36. Short gram negative bacteria rods on first larvae ID by Dr. Boucias

37. Pictures available at: http://bcrcl.ifas.ufl.edu/GratianaForm_files/TSA.htm

38. Thanks