1. Sea-side Splat!

2. Key Words: Classification Taxonomy Taxon Phylogeny Binomial system Dichotomous key

3. Classification is the grouping of organisms based on similarities of features. Taxonomy is the science of studying classification. It looks at features and tries to arrange them in a logical order.

4. A ‘TAXON’ is a unit of hierarchical classification: ‘hierarchical’ means in ascending sequence. A ‘species’ is the fundamental taxon Groups of similar species form the next largest taxon called a ‘genus’. Groups of similar genera form the next largest taxon called a ‘family’ …and so on, up to the largest taxon = Kingdom.

5. What do you notice about how the names are written? Fucus vesiculosus Fucus serratus Enteromorpha intestinalis Patella vulgata Balanus balanoides Actinia equina Littorina littorea

6. ‘Binomial’ = 2 names Fucus vesiculosus Genus – has a capital letter species – all in lower case Italics (or underlined) -to show the words are different to ordinary text.

7. Panthera leo Panthera tigris Panthera pardus Canis lupus ( and Canis domestica) Pan troglodytes Ovis aries Rattus norvegicus ; Rattus rattus Perca fluviatalis Carcharodon carcharias

8. …and some easier ones! Boa constrictor Gorilla Giraffus Hippopotamus amphibius Bison bison Equus zebra Tyrannosaurus rex Elephas maximus

9. Classification is hierarchical! Each unit is called a TAXON – there are 7 of them. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

10. Taxon CatMan KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY Genus species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Primates Felidae - catsAnthropoids - apes FelisHomo cattussapiens

11. You need to remember the sequence for the exam… so here’s how!

12. ‘Kinky Priests Come Over For Great Sex’

14. Phylogeny A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms. Why a hypothesis?

15. Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence: Fossil record Morphology Embryological patterns of development Chromosomes and DNA

16. Fossils

17. Similar morphology

19. Embryology

20. DNA similarities

22. A phylogenetic tree

23. The Dichotomous key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between TWO statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

24. 1. A. one pair of wings ( goto 2) B. Two pairs of wings (goto 3)

26. Make a dichotomous key

27. Phylogenetic example: 1a) Endotherm (constant body temperature)Goto 2 b) Ectotherm ( cold-blooded)Goto 5 2a) FurGoto 3 b) FeathersParrot 3a) FinsWhale b) At least two legsGoto 4 4a) wingsBat b) 4 legsCat 5a) finsFish b) No fins or limbs Snake