1. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) 1. True vascular plant that have large leaves (fronds) with branching vascular strands (veins). 2. Sporophyte (2n) plant body large; gametophyte (n) reduced; fronds typically unroll from base forming a fiddlehead.

2. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) 4. Homosporous (mostly); Sporangia (2n) are clustered in groups (called sori) on the backsides of fronds or onto special modified leaves (called fertile stems).

3. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) 5. Two major types of sporangia in ferns: * Eusporangiate - sporangia sessile or on massive stalks on fertile spikes. Many spores (n) produced. * Leptosporangiate - sprorangia on delicate stalks. Small but definite number of spores produced.

4. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Reproduction: Eusporangiate & Leptosporaginate meiosis sporangium (2n) -------------> spores (n) --> monoecious gametophytes (n) extine intine fertilization ------------------------> zygote (2n) --> young sporophyte (2n)

5. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta)

6. Stem cross-sections: Adiantum - solenostele Thelyptris - dictyostele

7. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Fern sori - Leptosporangiate, Genus: Thelypteris

8. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Fern sori - Leptosporangiate, Genus: Thelypteris

9. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) * Leptosporangiate - sprorangia on delicate stalks. Small but definite number of spores produced.

10. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Fern sori - Leptosporangiate, Genus: Thelypteris Release of spores: light requirement (red – 500 to 700 nm) in most species. Light quality and quantity affects the growth of gametophytes. Most spores will not germinate in the darkness. Some ferns (bracken fern) produce antheridogen (by prothalli) causes young prothalli to produce antheridia only  sperm. Promotes Cross- fertilization. Antheridogen causes spore producion in some ferns – even in the dark.

11. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Fern sori - Leptosporangiate, Genus: Thelypteris development of embryo --> sporophyte:

12. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Ceratopteris C-Fern

13. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) Some leptosporangiate ferns: common 1. Regular Alternation of Generations Rare 2. Apogamy - gametophyte (n) -----> sporophyte (n) (no fusion of gametes) 3. Apospory - sporophyte (2n) -----> gametophyte (2n) (without spore production - produces dipolid gametes 2n that may form polyploid - 3n, 4n - off-spring after fertilization) * Chromosome no. alone does not explain differences in forms.

14. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) A small number of leptosporangiate ferns are heterosporous: Class: Filicopsida Order: Marsileales Genus: Marselia aquatic

15. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) A small number of leptosporangiate ferns are heterosporous: Class: Filicopsida Order: Marsileales Genus: Marselia aquatic mega and microsporangia inside of sporocarps on short lateral branches.

16. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) A small number of leptosporangiate ferns are heterosporous: Class: Filicopsida Order: Marsileales Genus: Marselia aquatic

17. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta) A small number of leptosporangiate ferns are heterosporous: Class: Filicopsida Order: Marsileales Genus: Marselia aquatic

18. K: Plantae Div: Filicophyta (Div: Pterophyta)

19. “Evolution of “Plants”