1. CLASSIFICATION Why Classification? * Study the diversity of life * Group and name organisms in a logical manner Taxonomy: science of classifying living and creating scientific names

2. Early Classification Aristotle: 350 B.C. * Greek philosopher who classified organisms into two kingdoms: Plants or Animals Plants: size and structures Animals: behavior and habitat * What might be some problems with his system?

3. http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/ bio2000/biomovies/e20_1int.htmlwww.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/ bio2000/biomovies/e20_1int.html Video Clip

4. Linneaus: Mid 1700s: developed a new classification system His system grouped organisms based on morphology (physical appearance) Created 7 taxonomic levels Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

5. Linnaeus’ Taxonomic levels 7 taxonomic levels (taxon=category) : Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Phrase to remember order of levels: King Phil Came Over For Good Soup

6. 7 Taxonomic levels Can be compared to our address system Kingdom (broadest)----- Country Phylum -------------------- State Class----------------------- County Order -------------------- City Family -------------------- Zip Code Genus -------------------- Street Species (most specific)- House #

7. Leopard

8. Human Taxonomy KingdomAnimalia -many cells (multicellular) -cells have a nucleus - don't have any chlorophyll PhylumChordata -had NOTOCHORD. That's a rod made out of cartilage. ClassMammalia -warm blooded -nurse young -hair OrderPrimata- eyes on the front of the head FamilyHominidae -walk upright -no tail -s shaped spine GenusHomo Speciessapien

9. GROUP NAME ORGANISM HUMAN CHIMPANZEE HOUSE CAT LIONHOUSEFLY KINGDOMAnimalia PHYLUMChordate Arthropoda CLASSMammal Insect ORDERPrimates Carnivora Diptera FAMILY Hominidae Felidae Muscidae GENUSHomoPanFelis Musca SPECIESsapienstroglodytesdomesticaleodomestica Scientific Name Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Felis domestica Felis leo Musca domestica

10. What is a Species? Group of similar organisms that reproduce NATURALLY, with consistent pregnancies, and create FERTILE offspring

20. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Names Scientists avoid using common names to prevent confusion because they vary from region to region. Blue Jay EasternBlue JayWestern Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Cyanocitta stellari

21. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Names 2 part naming system that consists of genus and species. Rules for writing scientific names: Genus: first word - first letter capitalized Species: second word - lowercase Both are underlined or italicized EX: Homo sapiens : Human beings Sialia sialis: Eastern Bluebird

22. North American Pocket Mice Pergonathus californicus Found in California Pergonathus nelsoni Discovered by someone named Nelson Pergonathus spinatus Has prickly fur Common Factors-Same genus, different species, so would produce infertile offspring.

23. Review What are the eight characteristics of life? Living things are made of cells Must reproduce Same genetic code Must grow and develop Must obtain energy Must respond to environment Must maintain homeostasis Must adapt and evolve

24. Review What are the 7 taxonomic levels in order from most general to most specific? Kingdom Phlyum Class Order Family Genus Species

25. Review Who created the classification system that is currently in use? Linnaeus

26. Review The two name scientific naming system for organisms is called ____________. Binomial nomenclature

27. Review Which taxon comes first in a scientific name? Genus

28. Review How should you format the scientific name? Genus- capitalized Species-lower case Either underline or italicize

29. Modern Classification Problems with traditional system: focused only on morphology (appearance) Modern Criteria for Classification uses: *Morphology/Anatomy *Development *DNA Comparison- DNA sequences *Evolutionary descent

30. Dichotomous Key Tool for classifying unknown organisms Uses 2 sets of descriptors, known as couplets Steps: Always start at #1 Follow couplets based on organism’s characteristics

32. 1) Peacock Flounder

33. 2) Spotted Goat Fish

34. 3) Glassy Sweeper

35. 4) Squirrel Fish

36. 5) Spotted Eagle Ray

37. 6) Band Tail Puffer

38. 7) Spotted Moray Eel

39. 8) Glass Eyed Snapper

40. 9) Trumpet Fish

41. Rajidae skates

42. Alopiidae Thresher Shark

43. Pristophoridea Saw Shark

44. Carcharhinidae Tiger Sharks

45. Scyliorhinidae Cat Shark

46. Rhincodontidae Whale Shark

47. Isuridae Mackerel Sharks

48. Squalidae Dogfish Sharks

49. Dasyatidae Stingrays

50. Scapanorhynchidae Goblin shark

51. Pseudotriakidae False Cat sharks

52. Hexanchidae cow sharks

53. Sphyrnidae Hammerhead shark

54. Mobulidae Manta Ray

55. Evolutionary Classification Cladistics: the science of grouping organisms based on evolutionary descent, not just morphology. Cladogram: a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms. Derived character: characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in the older members. Used to build cladograms.

56. Cladogram www.biologycorner.com/cladogram/cladogram_2.htm#

59. Cladogram Practice Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. Match the letter to its character. Note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives.

61. To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish the characteristics that they share and ones that are unique o each group. For the animals on the table, indicate whether the characteristic is present or not.