1. Taxonomy (Classification)

2. Carolus Linnaeus -developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. White oak: Quercus alba

3. Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. –uses Latin words (universal, unchanging language) –scientific names always written in italics or underlined –two parts are the genus name and species

4. o Genus is the first part of a scientific name. o Genus name is always capitalized. o A species is the second part of a scientific name. o always lowercase o always follows genus name; never written alone o Scientific names are written in italics or underlined Tyto alba

5. –Some species have very similar common names. –Some species have many common names. Scientific names help scientists to communicate.

6. Rhinecanthus aculeatus - Hawaii – Huma Huma Nuka Nuka Apua’a - Other Places - Picasso Triggerfish

7. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species

8. Levels of Classification 1. Kingdom-largest (least specific) 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species-smallest (most specific) These levels are called taxa (plural for taxon).

11. Classifying people! 1. Kingdom – Animal 2. Phylum – Chordate (backbones) 3. Class – mammal 4. Order - Primates 5. Family - Hominidae 6. Genus – Homo (man) 7. Species – sapiens (wise) Scientific Name of people : Homo sapiens

12. How do I remember the order? * Use the sentence: K ings P lay C hess O n F unny G reen S quares OR Keep Players Calm Or Fight Gangster Style OR King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

13. The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence.  The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time.  Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

14. Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships. DNA shows red panda to be more related to raccoon than pandas 1992 rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri was reclassified as Oncorhynchus mykiss because molecular evidence shows it is more closely related to salmon

15. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. Phylogeny- evolutionary relationships among organisms that show descent from a common ancestor, not similarities based off of physical characteristics. o evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data o shown with branching tree diagrams

16. Phylogeny

17. A cladogram is a graphic that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

18. Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.  Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia Plantae

19. Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.  Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Animalia Protista Plantae

20. Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.  Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae –1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Animalia Protista Plantae Monera

21. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.  Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Classification is always a work in progress. –1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Monera –1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia

22. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.  Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Classification is always a work in progress. –1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista –1959: fungi moved to own kingdom –1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea Animalia Protista Fungi Plantae Archea Bacteria

23. There are 3 domains and 6 kingdoms Domain Bacteria  Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea  Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Protista  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia

24. Domain Bacteria—Kingdom Eubacteria Cell type: Prokaryote Cell structures: Cell walls with peptidoglycan Number of cells: Unicellular Mode of nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph Examples: Streptococcus, E. coli Eubacteria live everywhere. They inhabit your mouth, your skin, your stomach, dirt, desks, floors, etc.. These are the common bacteria that we refer to as germs. Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years)

25. Domain Archaea—Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell type: Prokaryote Cell structures: Cell walls without peptidoglycan Number of cells: Unicellular Mode of nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph Examples: Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles Archaebacteria live in very EXTREME environments. They inhabit volcanic hot springs, black mud with no oxygen, and very salty water. These are the extreme bacteria that we do not come in contact with frequently.

26. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. –kingdom Protista

27. –kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

28. –kingdom Protista –kingdom Plantae –kingdom Fungi Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

29. –kingdom Protista –kingdom Plantae –kingdom Fungi –kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

30. Kingdom Protista Cell type: Eukaryote Cell structures: Some have cell walls of cellulose and some have no cell walls Number of cells: Most unicellular; some multicellular Mode of nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp, algae Protists display the greatest variety. If something can’t be classified as anything else, it is placed in this category. All protists live in some type of water or moist environment (like in moist soil or in your own body!)

31. Kingdom Fungi Cell type: Eukaryote Cell structures: Cell walls of chitin Number of cells: Most multicellular; some unicellular (like yeast) Mode of nutrition: Heterotroph Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, mildew Fungus is important! We can eat some and it can help make bread, but it can also cause athlete’s foot and other fungal infections. They like moist environments.

32. Kingdom Plantae Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota Cell type: Eukaryote Cell structures: Cell walls of cellulose; have chloroplasts Number of cells: Multicellular Mode of nutrition: Autotroph Examples: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Plants are non-motile, which means they cannot move from place to place

33. Kingdom Animalia Cell type: Eukaryote Cell structures: No cell walls Number of cells: Multicellular Mode of nutrition: Heterotroph Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Very diverse!

34. DOMAINKINGDOMEXAMPLES BacteriaEubacteria Streptococcus, Escherichia coli ArchaeaArchaebacteria Methanogens, halophiles EukaryaProtist Amoeba, paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals