1. Unit 5: The Diversity of Life Chapter 22: Systematics (Classification)

2. Systematics The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy – the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms Classification – arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities, which reflect historical relationships among lineages

3. Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus simplified the complicated, older system of classification Binomial System of Nomenclature Makes classification an international science Each species assigned a two-part name

4. How to Write Scientific Names 1.First part of a scientific name = genus 2.Second part of scientific name = specific epithet 3. Genus name is always capitalized. 4. Specific epithet is not capitalized. 5. Scientific names are typed in italics 6. Scientific names are underlined (separately) if handwritten 7. Ex. Scientific name for dog Canis familiaris or Canis familiaris

5. Taxonomic Levels Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species *A taxon is a formal grouping of organisms at a specific level, such as the genus.

7. Domains and Kingdoms 3 Domains: Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

8. Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular Microscopic Peptidoglycan absent in cell walls Differ biochemically from eubacteria Ecological Role: Live in extreme environments: Methanogens – sewage, swamps Halophiles – salty environments Thermophiles – hot, acidic environments

9. Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular Microscopic Cell walls composed of peptidoglycan Ecological Role: Most are decomposers Some chemosynthetic Some photosynthetic Important in recycling nitrogen

10. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Mainly unicellular or simple multicellular 3 informal groups: Protozoa Algae Slime Molds/Water Molds Ecological Role: Protozoa - Zooplankton Algae - Important producers Important oxygen source

11. Animal-Like Protists: Protozoans

13. Plantlike Protists: Unicellular Algae

14. Plantlike Protists: Red, Brown, & Green Algae

16. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Absorb nutrients Cell walls of chitin Body composed of threadlike hyphae that form tangled masses that infiltrate food Ecological Role: Decomposers Some parasitic Used as food Yeast – bread and alcohol Drugs – antibiotics Spoilage, Crop loss

17. Sac Fungi

18. Club Fungi

19. Symbiotic Relationships Lichens – symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic organism Pioneer species

20. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes Multicellular Photosynthetic Multicellular reproductive organs Alternation of generations Cell walls of cellulose Ecological Role: Primary producers Source of oxygen in atmosphere

21. Types of Plants Bryophytes (mosses) Ferns Cone-bearing plants Flowering plants – 90% of plants

22. The Animal Kingdom Which of these is an animal?

23. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular heterotrophs Complex organ systems Ability to move Specialized nervous tissue Ecological Role: Consumers Herbivores, carnivores, or detritus feeders

24. Amazing Fact! 95% of animals are invertebrates Only 5% of animals are vertebrates

25. 7 Essential Functions of Animals 1. Feeding 2. Respiration 3. Circulation 4. Excretion 5. Response 6. Movement 7. Reproduction

26. Phyla of Animals Porifera - sponges Cnidaria – jellyfish, sea anemone Platyhelminthes – flatworms Nematoda – roundworms Annelida – segmented worms Mollusca – mollusks: octopus, snail, clam, oyster Arthropoda – scorpions, crab, all insects Echinodermata – sea stars, sea urchins Chordata – fish, reptiles mammals, amphibians, birds

27. Your Assignment Research 10 different organisms and record their classification levels Domain  Species Name (genus and specific epithet) 9 must be from the different phyla of animals, the 10 th can be from any other kingdom. Due tomorrow!

28. Phylogeny Goal of systematics is to determine phylogeny – evolutionary relationships Homology – implies evolution from a common ancestor Shared ancestral characters – suggest a distant common ancestor Shared derived characters – indicate a more recent common ancestor Molecular systematics – compares DNA for assessing evolutionary relationships

29. Cladograms Diagrams that illustrate phylogeny Base of cladogram – common ancestor for all taxa being analyzed Branch point (node) – immediate common ancestor of the next group Example cladograms p.480