1. 1 Organizing Life’s Diversity Chapter 17 Biology Auburn High School p. 452 – 479

2. 2 17.1: Classification p. 453 – 463

3. 3 How Classification Began  Organizing items can help you understand them better and find them more easily  Classification –The grouping of objects or information based on similarities  Taxonomy –The branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms

4. 4 How Classification Began  Aristotle’s system –Developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification –Classified organisms into 2 groups  Plants (3 groups) –herbs, shrubs, and trees  Animals (grouped by) –Based on where they are mostly located: on land, in the air, or in water

5. 5 How Classification Began  Linnaeus’s system –Developed the classification that we use today –Grouped based on:  Physical and structural similarities of organisms –Developed binomial nomenclature (naming)

6. 6 How Classification Began  Binomial nomenclature –two-word system to name organisms –First name is the genus; the second name describes a characteristic of the organism  Turdus migratorius (American Robin)

7. 7 How Classification Began –Genus  Consist of a group of similar species –Additional Example  Homo sapiens –Homo is the genus –A characteristic of humans is intelligence sapiens is Latin for “wise”

8. 8 How Classification Began –Scientific names  Are always in Latin  Must be italicized or underlined  1 st letter of the genus is uppercase but the species is all lowercase –Organisms may have multiple common name –Passer domesticus has 4 common names House sparrow (USA); gorrion (Spain); musch (Holland); and hussparf (Sweden)

9. 9 How Living Things are Classified  Taxa –Series of categories, each larger than the previous one –aka - Most exclusive to most inclusive  Smallest to largest –Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom (commonly memorized from largest to smallest) King Philip Came Over For Granny’s Spaghetti

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11. 11 How Living Things are Classified  Species –Organisms that look alike –Successfully reproduce among themselves  Genus –Group of closely related species  Family –Group of closely related genera

12. 12 How Living Things are Classified  Order –Group of related families  Class –Group of related order  Phylum/Divisions –Group of related classes  Kingdom –Group of related phyla

13. 13 How Living Things are Classified  Differences between plant and animal classification –Animal groups are called phyla (phylum) –Plant groups are called divisions

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15. 15 Dichotomous Key  Is a set of paired statements that can be used to identify organisms  You choose one statement from each pair that best describes the organism  At the end you will identify the name or what group the organism belongs to

16. 16 17.2: The Six Kingdoms p. 464 – 473

17. 17 How do you determine relationships?  5 determining factors: –Structural similarities –Breeding behavior –Geographical distribution  Similar species found in the same isolated area –Chromosome comparisons  Similarities in the number, structure, and DNA sequence –Biochemistry  Similar DNA nucleotide sequence and proteins

18. 18 The Six Kingdoms of Organisms  6 Kingdoms are: –Archaebacteria –Eubacteria (Monera) –Protists –Fungi –Plants –Animals

19. 19 The Six Kingdoms of Organisms  Bacteria –Kingdom eubacteria and archaebacteria contain all prokaryotic cells –All are commonly called bacteria –Most are in eubacteria –A few are archaebacteria (the ancient bacteria) –Eubacteria – “the true bacteria”  Either heterotroph and autotroph –Archaebacteria – produces glucose by chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis  autotroph

20. 20 The Six Kingdoms of Organisms  Protista (Protist) –eukaryotic organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments –Either autotroph or heterotroph –Amoeba, paramecium, giant kelp

21. 21 The Six Kingdoms of Organisms  Fungi (Fungus) –A unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryote –absorbs nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment –consumers that do not move from place to place (heterotroph)

22. 22 The Six Kingdoms of Organisms  Plants –A multicellular eukaryote that photosynthesize –Oxygen producers –Mosses, ferns, flowering plants –autotroph

23. 23 The Six Kingdoms of Organisms  Animals –Multicellular consumers that eat and digest other organisms for food –Animal cells have no cell wall –Sponge, worms, insects, fish, mammals –heterotroph

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