2.  Bios-: greek for life  -logy: study of  A biologist uses the scientific method to study living things  Biology is the study of life  Zoology  Botany  Microbiology  Ecology  Marine Biology  Genetics  Cell biology  Anatomy and physiology  Paleontology

3.  Made up of cells  Reproduce  Genetic code  Growth and development  Obtain and use materials (resources) and energy  Respond to their environment  Maintain a stable internal environment  As a group, they change over time

4.  Cell  Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier  Smallest structural unit of all living things  Prokaryotic cells Cell without a nucleus, DNA is in cytoplasm  Eukaryotic Cells Cell with a nucleus that contains the genetic material (DNA)  Unicellular “uni-” means one Organism that is made of one cell Example: bacteria Prokaryotic cells  Multi-cellular “multi-” means many Contain hundreds, thousands, even trillions of cells Many cells work together to make the living organism function Cells vary in size, shape and function Example: plants and animals

5.  Asexual reproduction  Organism has single parent  Genetically identical to parent  Splits in half  Sexual reproduction  Cells from two different parents unite to form new organism  Increases genetic variety and survival of species

6.  DNA  nucleic acid that carries all the information about the organism  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid  DNA  RiboNucleic Acid  RNA  All living organisms have DNA, the “blue prints” of life

7.  Growth means increase in size, such as certain bacteria  Development refers to cells dividing to  Includes periods of rapid growth and dramatic change  Sometimes different stages (think caterpillar)  During development, cells multiply and are assigned specific functions and roles within the multi-cellular organism…DIFFERENTIATION

10.  Obtain energy by taking in resources  Plants-sunlight  Lizard-insects  Metabolism  Combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials to carry out life processes

11.  Stimulus  A signal to which an organism responds  External Stimuli  From environment outside organism  Example- water in soil stimulates germination  Internal Stimuli  Comes from inside an organisms body  Low sugar levels in blood will stimulate you to feel hungry

12.  Homeostasis  When organisms maintain a stable internal environment that is different from the external environment  Examples: shivering and sweating

13.  Evolution  Process of change  When a group of organisms change over time  Could occur over hundreds or millions of years  Adaptation  An inherited trait that’s helps an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment  Over a short period of time  Natural selection  The most beneficial traits for a specific group of organisms is passed on  Organisms that have that specific trait will live longer and produce more offspring than those who do not have it  The mechanism by which evolution occurs

14.  Molecular  Cellular  Groups of Cells  Organism  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere

15.  Molecular  DNA/RNA and other molecules  Cellular  Different cells  Groups of Cells  (cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organism)  Organism  A single species  Population  A group of the same species  Community  Many different groups of species and how they interact with each other in a specific area  Ecosystem  All the living and nonliving interactions in an area  Biosphere  How all the different parts (biomes) of Earth come together  Bio- means life  Sphere- earth  Life is found on land, in air, and in water  “living Earth”

16.  Plants and animals…is there only one type?  Species  A distinct life form  Biologists have identified more than one million species There are various estimates to the actual amount  New species are discovered daily  5000 sp. of bacteria, 8600 sp. of birds, 30,000 sp. of fish, 100,000 sp. of fungi, 280,000 sp. of plants and 1 million different species of….  INSECTS

17. Domain - Eukarya

18.  Broadest category of classification  Three main domains  Domain Archea: unicellular prokary. That live in extreme environments (very hot or very cold, extremely acidic or basic)  Domain Bacteria: All other unicellular prokary.  Domain Eukarya: Organism made up of eukary. Cells Includes 4 kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals (and Monera)

20. Still some confusion among scientists over this one…

21. DomainBacteriaAchaeaEukarya Kingdom Eubacteria Archaeabacteria ???? Has a nucleusNo Yes Autotroph or heterotroph Either HeterotrophAutotrophHeterotroph Multicellular or Unicellular Unicellular USUALLY Unicellular USUALLY Multicellular Multicellular MOBILITY Motile Non-motile Motile

22.  How do we organize all these species?  We categorize all the different species in to broader categories  From broadest to most specific:  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Linnaean System of Classification)  Binomial nomenclature  BREAK UP THE WORD… BI-TWO, NOMIAL-NAME, NOMENCLATURE-NAMING SYSTEM  This is how we identify a species  The African lion is called Panthera leo What’s the genus? Panthera What is the species? Panthera leo (you say both genus and species)

24.  Kingdom Animalia Kingdom  Phylum Chordata Phylum  Class Mammalia Class  Order Primates Order  Family Hominidae Family  Genus Homo Genus  Species Homo sapiens Species

29. Classification Kingdom Animalia (Animals) Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) Class Insecta (Insects) Order Hemiptera (True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies) Suborder Heteroptera (True Bugs) Infraorder Nepomorpha (Aquatic Bugs) Family Belostomatidae (Giant Water Bugs) Genus Lethocerus Species americanus (Giant Water Bug)

30.  Kingdom Animalia (Animals)  Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) Class Insecta (Insects) Order Coleoptera (Beetles)  Suborder Polyphaga (Water, Rove, Scarab, Longhorn, Leaf and Snout Beetles) Superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Scarab, Stag and Bess Beetles)  Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab Beetles) Subfamily Melolonthinae (May Beetles and June Bugs)  Genus Cotinis  Species Cotinis nitida

31.  Kingdom: Anamalia  Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Arachnida  Order: Scorpiones  Family: Buthidae  Genus: Androctonus  Species: Androctonus australis

32.  Kingdom Animalia  Phylum Chordata SubPhylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Subclass Plagiostomi (sharks and rays: upper jaw hung from skulls and different kind of blood)  Superorder Selachimorpha (sharks: free upper eyelids, gill openings on the head, and pectoral fins separate from the side of the head) Subclass Elasmobranchii  upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase, no swim bladder, advanced electroreceptive system, a spiracle, skin with placoid scales, teeth modified placoid scales, and 5-7 separate slit-like gill openings on each side of the body: there are about 600 species of sharks, skates, and rays