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HOW WILL WE LEARN ALL THESE WORDS? ETYMOLOGY AND VOCABULARY ACROSS THE CONTENT AREAS B.Selah Lee-Bey
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What is Etymology The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology. Etymology: The study of the origins of words. Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of ) Etymology consists of Word Parts (Affixes and Roots) Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…) How words change over time Word cognates in various languages within a language family.
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Why Etymology Students are able to learn up to 50 words per week by studying 4 word parts.
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Word Parts: Prefix A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word. Pre (before) + fix (to fasten) Other Examples: Review React Interview Interact
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Word Parts: Prefix A prefix changes the meaning of a word Examples: construct; reconstruct; deconstruct Struct (the root) means to build Con + struct: to build together/with Re + con + struct: to build together again De + con + struct: to build down
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Prefix Rules A prefix can function as an intensifier. Example: Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firm is a root indicating strength. Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tain means to stretch and hold.
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Word Parts: Suffix A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word. Suff (after) + fix (to fasten) hopeful goodness
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Word Parts: Suffix A suffix can change the part of speech of a word Noun Suffix Endings -age: mileage; postage; damage -ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship Verb Suffix Endings -ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate) - ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise)
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Word Parts: Suffix A suffix can change the part of speech of a word Adjective Suffix Ending - able (capable; lovable) -al (national; natural; seasonal) Adverb Endings -ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly) - where (somewhere; anywhere)
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Suffix Rules A word can have as many as three suffixes Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality Root: sti: to stand Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al + ity
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Suffix Rules Like Musical; comical; classical Fantastic; realistic; Slavic State of/Condition/Quality Appointment; retirement Insistence; patience; inheritance One who: Physician; musician; politician Teacher; barber; carpenter Artist; pianist; astrologist Suffixes have meanings
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Word Parts: Roots The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened. Remember: pre (before) + fix (fasten) suf (after) + fix (fasten) Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word. What is the Root? The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.
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Word Parts: Roots Cred: to believe Incredible: In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able) Definition: not able to believe Creditor: Cred(it) + or (a person who) Definition: a person that determines whether you can be trusted or believed
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Word Parts: Roots Ject: to throw Reject: Re (back) + ject (throw): Definition: to throw back Project: Pro (forward) + ject (throw) Definition: to throw forward Interject: Prefix: Inter Definition: to throw between
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Word Parts: All Together
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Prefix Root Suffix 3P 2P 1P 0 1S 2S 3S ___________________________________________ ____ Prefix-Suffix-Root Line
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Conspicuous con + spic + uous: visible, open to view, striking Resist Re + sist To stand against What’s the Root of this Word?
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Respect Re + spect To look back (and see someone); to regard Institute In + stit + ut(e) + ion To cause to stand (i.e. establish) What’s the Root of this Word?
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Establish E + stabl(e) + ish To make stable What’s the Root of this Word?
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Regard Re + gard (as in guard) To look or to heed Speculative Spec + (ul) + at(e) +ive Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually What’s the Root of this Word?
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1. Which words have similar meanings Speculative; conspicuous Establish; institute Respect; regard Semantic Discussions
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3. The word resist has the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above? Semantic Discussions (con…)
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The Matrix Map (Beginner)
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The Matrix Map (Advanced)
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The Matrix Map (Beginner)
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The Matrix Map (Advanced)
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Denotation vs Connotation Denotation: This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology). Connotation: This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as added letters/markings
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What is the Connotation? Stench Definition: a smell, a scent, an odor. Etymology: O.E. stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c. Scent Definition: what can be smelled. Etymology: O.F. sentir; Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see
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Liberal Arts: Music Music Old French: musique (12 c.) Latin: musica Greek: mousikos, pertaining to the Muses Same root as mind
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Liberal Arts: Music Forte and Fortissimo strong
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Liberal Arts: Music Crescendo and Descrescendo to grow loudly or quietly in sound
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Liberal Arts: Music Dolce sweetly Remember, Latin- based or Romance languages (from Rome) have cognates that follow a similar spelling format as in English. Thus, dolce means to play sweetly, similarly to dulce, which is sweet in Spanish.
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Liberal Arts: Music Grave heavily Similar to the words gravity; gravitate; and gravitas- all of these refer to weight
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Biological Sciences: Botany Etymology can help students to recall the scientific names of various plant families, genera, and species.
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Biological Sciences: Botany Using the system of scientific classification, botanists identify plants by their family, genus, and species. Today, plants scientific names are based on binomial nomenclature system using the generic and the specific epithets.
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Biological Sciences: Botany This flower is called the Rosa canina. It is classified as follows: Family: Rosae Genus: Rosa Species: Canina This is a dog rose (canina refers to the dog)
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Biological Sciences: Botany Most plant names are Latin or Greek in origin. The family names have the suffix –aceae, which means “belonging to, having the nature of” Examples Asteraceae Fabaceae Apiaceae Solanaceae Zingiberaceae
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Biological Sciences: Botany Most plant names are Latin or Greek in origin. The family names have the suffix –aceae, which means “belonging to, having the nature of” Family NameDerivational Meaning AsteraceaeStar-shaped Fabaceaebean Apiaceae/Umbellif eraceae Celery “bearing umbells” SolanaceaeNight-shade; “soothing effect” ZingiberaceaeGinger
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Biological Sciences: Botany Asteraceae: Aster=star Star-shaped flowers, such as sunflowers, dandelions, etc… Fabaceae: Faba=bean Family of beans, peas, and legumes
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Biological Sciences: Botany Genus Latin in form Ends in –a, -um, or –us Seven classes of distinction Species Latin in form Descriptive: albus (white), bellus (pretty), odoratus (scented) Geographical: anglicus (English), hispanicus (Spanish) Personal names: davidii (A.David)
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical terminology is rooted in Indo-European languages; thus, etymology will help students readily define given terms.
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology Anterior Ante=before Posterior Post=after
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical Roots Blood hem, angi Brain cereb, encephal Hair tricho, tricha Examples Hemorrhoid Angioplasty Cerebellum Encephalology Trichopterous
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology - plasty (surgical repair) Angioplasty Rhinoplasty Palatoplasty -ectomy (remove part of the body) Craniectomy Iridectomy Hysterectomy Surgical Procedures
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology - itis (inflammation) Gingivitis Arthritis Chondritis - algia (sensitivity to pain) Fibromyalgia Arthralgia Cardialgia Diseases
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Social Sciences: Psychology Psychology Psych: the mind ology: the study of
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Social Sciences: Psychology Bipolar: two poles bi (two) + pol (poles) + ar Insomnia: not able to sleep in (not) + som (sleep) Schizophrenia schizo (split) + phren (mind) + ia
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Social Sciences: Psychology Mania mind of passion, fury, and rage Kleptomania klepto: thief Pyromania pyro: fire Trichotillomania tricho: hair till: pull Dermatillonmania derma: skin till: pull
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Social Sciences: Psychology Phobias Phobia is Greek for fear claustraphobia claus: closed arachnophobia arachno: spider algophobia fear of pain
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Mathematics Etymology can assist students in understanding mathematical concepts.
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Mathematics Bisector Bi means 2 sect means cut or refers to a thing or person (noun) Bi + sect + or something that cuts a shape into two parts.
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Mathematics PrefixNumber hex6 sept7 octo8 nov9 dec10 PrefixNumber mono/uni1 bi/di/du2 tri3 quad/quart4 pent/quint5
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Mathematics HexagonPentagon
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Mathematics
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Algebra 1550s, from Medieval Latin algebra, from Arabic al jabr ("in vulgar pronunciation, al-jebr" [Klein]) "reunion of broken parts”, as in computation
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Mathematics Trigonometry tri: three gon: angle (shape) metry: measure the relationship between lengths and angle measurements of triangles
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Mathematics Algorithm and Arithmetic have the same root. Can you guess what it is? rit, meaning number
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Social Sciences: Political Science Etymology can help students identify various forms of government in political science classes.
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Social Sciences: Political Science -cracy From Latin kratos meaning “rule” -archy From Greek arkhos, meaning “rule”
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Social Sciences: Political Science Oligarchy: Oligos (few) + cracy (rule) Anarchy: An (no) + archy (rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science Aristocracy: Aristo (rich) + cracy (rule) Democracy: Demo (people) + cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science Theocracy: Theo (God ) + cracy (rule) Monarchy: Mon(o) (one) + cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science Kleptocracy: Klepto (theives) + cracy (rule) Meritoctacy: Merit (earned/assigned) + cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science and Sociology Patriarchy: Patri (father/male) + cracy (rule) Matriarchy: Martri (mother/female) + cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Economics Oligopoly trade with a few Monopoly trade with one
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion Philosophy “Lover of Wisdom” (philos: love; soph: wisdom)
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion God Latin: divinus Greek: theos theology; divinity; atheist; polytheism; monotheism; deity
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion -ology: study of… Doxology: beliefs Epistemology: knowledge from experience Cosmology: the world Mythology: myths or stories ology comes from logos, which means the word
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion Paradox Para: contrary dox: belief Orthadox Ortha: straight dox: belief
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion Dogma that which one things is true This word has a similar root as doxology. They share a Proto-Indo European root, thus sharing meaning as well.
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion Utilitarian look within the word and see util utilize; utility something you use
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion Nihilism nihilim: no small thing nil: none Have students think of annihilate (to reduce to nothing)
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English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic. We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:
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Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°. American Heritage Dictionary PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.
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[Looking in the Brackets]
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The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is gen - which means Birth, Source, or Origin
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The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and syst all share a PIE root. The PIE root for the above roots is Hint: look up words with the roots named above. Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent Sta - Which means to stand or remain in place
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The roots fac, fec, fic, and –fy all share a PIE root. The PIE root for the above roots is Hint: look up words with the roots named above. factory; perfection; efficient; clarity Dhe- Which means to make, place, or do
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Works Cited Pierson, H. “Using Etymology in the Classroom”. ELT J (1989) 43 (1): 57-63 Rasinski, Tim. Greek & Latin Roots: Keys to Building Vocabulary. Shell Education (2008)
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