1. Construction Fundamentals Chapter 1

2. Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective Architect comes from a Greek word meaning –chief artifice, –master–builder, –director of works.

3. Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective Architect –Romans used the Latin form architectus - the architect’s responsibilities was to design and superintend the construction of the work.

4. Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective Contractor –comes from the legal agreement or contract that is negotiated and executed between the owner and the builder General Contractor –As there can be many builders involved on a project a hierarchy of responsibility and authority needs to be established to insure proper coordination of the various efforts

5. Construction Engineering and construction are a unique combination of specific need and specific design in a process that yields an engineered work. Civilizations are built by construction efforts.

6. Construction Civil Engineers Military Engineers

7. Engineering Education L’Ecole Polytechnique –authorized in 1795 by Napoleon U. S. Military Academy, West Point –organized by President Thomas Jefferson 1802

8. Canals Man-made canals were a major factor in the development of early civilization –Barge Canals Chesapeake and Ohio (1828-1850) –Ship Canals Suez (1869) Panama (1914)

9. Rail Roads

10. The railroads were the engine of growth and expansion to the West By 1840 there were nearly three thousand miles of track in the United States

11. Rail Roads Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Act in 1862. –The act authorized the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Companies to build a transcontinental rail line along the 42 nd parallel –May 10, 1869 Golden spike driven home

12. Golden Spike National Historic Site "East Meets West" photo taken May 10, 1869 by Andrew J. Russell (National Park Service Photo)

13. Golden Spike The web site to learn more about this historic engineering accomplishment. http://www.nps.gov/gosp/ Additional reading: C.P.R.R. The Central Pacific Railroad - Charles Nordoff, Outbooks, Golden, CO 1976 (originally written 1892). Empire Express; Building the First Transcontinental Railroad - David Haward Bain, Penguin Putnam, New York, NY. 1999.

14. Golden Spike Additional reading: History of the Union Pacific Railway - Henry K. White, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 1895. Nothing Like It In The World- The Men Who Built The Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869 - Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. 2000. Rails From the West: a Biography of Theodore D. Judah - Helen Hinkley, Golden West Books, San Marino, CA 1969. Ten Mile Day; And The Building of the Transcontinental Railroad – Mary Ann Fraser Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY 1993.

15. Industrial Buildings Buildings of the mid-19 th century tended to be narrow enclosures with load-bearing walls

16. Industrial Buildings Between 1874 and 1904 many advances made –Construction methods and materials –fire protection –steel trusses framing

17. Industrial Buildings 1920’s industrial buildings were being constructed with skeleton framing and curtain walls

18. Industrial Buildings Concrete building systems have also been developed. –cast-in-place –tilt-up –precast

19. Highways Appian Way Dwight D. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System (1956)

20. I-17/I-10 Phoenix AZ

21. Airports Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix, AZ

22. Airports Construction at Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport, 2002

23. Skyscrapers 1800’s few buildings were more than 100 ft high –Walls were load bearing (up to 5 feet thick) –Doors & window penetrations were kept to a minimum

24. Skyscrapers

26. Four engineering innovations had to come together before the height of building would rise to a level where they would be called skyscrapers. –Safe elevators –Steel Framing –Fireproofing –Caisson method of foundation construction

27. Welded steel connections

28. Bolted steel connections

29. Construction Industry Egyptians Greeks Romans –corvee - Latin corrogare, to summon together –Collegia

30. Construction Industry Romans – Collegia Membership for skilled craftsmen became mandatory Workers had to follow the same trade for life and their descendants after them Wages were fixed Craftsmen could be transferred to any location as directed by the state

31. Master Builders Reported to the owner Responsible for both –Design and –Construction

32. Master Builders Used the principle of proportional geometry to construct complicated designs with a minimum of equipment

33. Contractors From the legal agreement or contract that is negotiated and executed between the owner and the builder General contractor (GC) Specialty or trade contractors –Electrical –Plumbing –Heating and air conditioning (HVAC)

34. Assignment Due next class What is the largest or most famous _____ in your state? And why!! –Canal –Road –Bridge –Skyscraper –Airport