1. Tim Stefanich - Environmental Engineer Sioux Falls Water Purification Cryptosporidium Monitoring for Compliance with the LT2 Rule

2. What do I need to do to prepare? Are you required to sample? Are you required to sample? –All SW and GWUDI systems must sample System Size and Type Monitor For FrequencyDuration Filtered Systems > 10,000 Cryptosporidium E. Coli Turbidity 1 per month 24 months Filtered Systems < 10,000 E. Coli* 2 per month 24 months Cryptosporidium 1 per month 2 per month 24 months 12 months *E. coli results may trigger Cryptosporidium monitoring. If annual mean E. coli > 10 / 100 ml when using lake / reservoir then must sample for crypto. If annual mean E. coli > 50 / 100 ml when using flowing stream, then must sample for crypto. (SWM GM table 1-1)

3. What do I need to do to prepare? When do I begin to sample? When do I begin to sample? System that serve…. Must begin the first round of sampling no later than the end of: At least 100,000 people October 2006 From 50,000 to 99,999 people April 2007 From 10,000 to 49,999 people April 2008 Fewer than 10,000 and monitor for E. Coli October 2008 Fewer than 10,000 and monitor for Crypto April 2010

4. What do I need to do to prepare? Obtain a copy of the rule (153 pages) Obtain a copy of the rule (153 pages) Obtain EPA Guidance Manuals Obtain EPA Guidance Manuals –Surface Water Monitoring GM (151 pages) –Microbial Laboratory GM (273 pages) Obtain list of EPA approved labs Obtain list of EPA approved labs EPA Crypto and e-coli sampling pocket guide EPA Crypto and e-coli sampling pocket guide State Point of Contact – Mark Mayer State Point of Contact – Mark Mayer http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfection/lt2/ index.html

5. Guidance Manuals Surface Water Monitoring GM Surface Water Monitoring GM –Setting up contract for lab services –Sampling location and schedule –Collecting and shipping –Grandfathering –Reviewing and submitting data Microbial Laboratory GM Microbial Laboratory GM –Laboratory analysis methods –How to receive laboratory approval

6. Research Cryptosporidium Sampling / Testing Methods Method 1622 – Cryptosporidium in water Method 1622 – Cryptosporidium in water Method 1623 – Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water Method 1623 – Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water –LT2 Rule does not require monitoring for or reporting of results for analysis of Giardia. –Little additional cost for Giardia analysis –Sampling requirements are identical between methods Must use an EPA approved laboratory Must use an EPA approved laboratory

7. Research Sampling Procedures Collect and ship bulk water samples Collect and ship bulk water samples –Sample size (10 – 50 liter) –Shipping costs –Extra cost for lab to filter sample Filter sample on-site and ship filter. Filter sample on-site and ship filter. –Purchase own equipment? –Rent equipment? –Type of filter used? –Suggest spare equipment and filters

8. Filter Sample On-Site Two types of filters approved Two types of filters approved –IDEXX Filta-Max Less expensive Less expensive Separate filter and holder Separate filter and holder Tolerant to higher pressures (< 120 psi) Tolerant to higher pressures (< 120 psi) Flow rate 3 – 4 L/min Flow rate 3 – 4 L/min

9. Filter Sample On-Site Envirochek or Envirochek HV Envirochek or Envirochek HV –More expensive (2X) –Integrated filter and holder –Less tolerant to higher pressure 30 psi for Envirochek 30 psi for Envirochek 60 psi for Envirochek HV 60 psi for Envirochek HV –Higher flow rate for HV 2 L/min for Envirochek 2 L/min for Envirochek 4 L/min for Envirochek HV 4 L/min for Envirochek HV Some labs may be specific as to the type of filter used. Some labs may be specific as to the type of filter used.

10. Sample Size Minimum 10 Liter sample Minimum 10 Liter sample –Highly turbid samples may require more than 1 filter to get minimum 10 liters. Recommend that sample size be consistent through the sampling period Recommend that sample size be consistent through the sampling period

11. Sampling Frequency Matrix spikes Matrix spikes –Required at least every 20 field samples –Used by lab to “spike” with Crypto, filter, and analyze to determine recovery within your source water. –Allowed to pre-filter any sample over 10 liters and shipping filter and remaining 10 liters for “spiking” –Sample taken same time or right before or after as regular crypto sample.

12. Sample Collection Location Source water prior to any chemical addition, treatment, or addition of backwash water Source water prior to any chemical addition, treatment, or addition of backwash water –Multiple sources may require volume weighted samples Ex. Source A = 25% Source B = 75% Volume Weighted Sample (one 10L Sample) Volume A = 2.5 L Volume B = 7.5 L Yields 1 result and you pay for one sample –Result weighted sample (pay for 2 analysis)

13. Sampling Schedule Laboratory schedule will dictate your sampling schedule Laboratory schedule will dictate your sampling schedule –The sooner you select a lab and start sampling, the better date selection you will have –Sampling schedule must be consistent from month to month. (Ex - 17 th of each month) Sample must be collected within 2 days of date selected (Ex – 15 th to 19 th ) Sample must be collected within 2 days of date selected (Ex – 15 th to 19 th )

14. Shipping Overnight Overnight –Will shipper accept coolers? –Do they charge extra for handling coolers? Do not allow contents to freeze Do not allow contents to freeze –Insulation between blue ice and filters or bulk sample ice and filters or bulk sample –Max temp < 20 C Do not forget the Do not forget the paperwork paperwork –Datasheets –Chain of custody record

15. Results Turnaround time Turnaround time –10 to 15 days but check with lab Shorter TAT can lead to higher costs Shorter TAT can lead to higher costs

16. Sampling Equipment Selection 15 Liter Poly Carboy (2) 15 Liter Poly Carboy (2) ½” – 5/8” dia. reinforced vinyl hoses ½” – 5/8” dia. reinforced vinyl hoses Garden hose type quick disconnects Garden hose type quick disconnects

17. Sampling Equipment Selection SHURflo diaphragm pump SHURflo diaphragm pump –1.7 gpm –95 psi max Filta-Max filter holder or Filta-Max filter holder or Envirochek filter Envirochek filter

18. Sampling Equipment Selection Badger flow meter Badger flow meter –Gallons –Totalizer Flow control valve Flow control valve

19. Raw Water Sampling Sites 2 separate sources 2 separate sources –Surface water Chemical added and treated prior to mixing with groundwater Chemical added and treated prior to mixing with groundwater –Groundwater Groundwater Big Sioux River Potassium Permanganate Actiflo Backwash Water

20. Sampler Setup

21. Data Collection Sheet

22. Finished Water Sampling

23. Results (To be Grandfathered) 50 samples since Jan 20, 2004 50 samples since Jan 20, 2004 –Average volume collected – 10.5 L –No detections (Detect limit Avg 9.78 / 100 L) –E. Coli range < 1 to 200 colonies / 100 ml –Turbidity range 2.4 - 24 NTU 3 Matrix spike samples 3 Matrix spike samples –Crypto recovery range 38.4 – 58 % –Giardia recovery range 43.4 – 68.7 %

24. Summary of all Results Big Sioux River (1994 to present) Big Sioux River (1994 to present) –Only sample when on-line Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium –2 detections –Range from 17.2 – 100 cysts per 100 L –Last detection Jan 2004 Giardia Giardia –6 detections –Range from 4.9 – 83 cysts / 100 L –Last detection Dec 2002

25. Summary of All Results Raw Water (1994 – Present) Raw Water (1994 – Present) –Cryptosporidium 4 detections 4 detections Range from 1 – 89 cysts per 100 L Range from 1 – 89 cysts per 100 L Last detection May, 1996 Last detection May, 1996 –Giardia 9 detections 9 detections Range from 9 – 333 cysts / 100 L Range from 9 – 333 cysts / 100 L Last detection Oct 2000 Last detection Oct 2000 Finished Water (1994 – Present) Finished Water (1994 – Present) –No detections –Average detection limit of 1.2 / 100 Liters