1. Low charge, ultra-short beams for FEL and Advanced Accelerator applications J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA Dept. of Physics and Astronomy ICFA Workshop on the Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams Maui, November 19, 2009

2. Outline Proposal for ultra-short beams in SASE FEL Ultra-high brightness electron beams at low Q Single spike operation Breaching attosecond, short wavelength frontier Coherent radiation from ultra-short beams Scaling the PWFA to short wavelength TV/m PWFA experiment at the LCLS

3. Brightness Begets Brightness: Electrons and Photons Revolution in light sources due to electron beam improvements Two orders of magnitude produce qualitatively new light source, the X-ray Free-electron Laser – Intense cold beam; instability To obtain needed e-beam brightness, must compress to <100 fs Ultra-bright, Å, coherent, sub-psec light source – Many orders of magnitude; LCLS is undeniably real… – Investigate atomic/molecular structure at length-time scales of ion motion

4. Ultra-short XFEL pulses: motivation Investigations at atomic electron spatio-temporal scales – Angstroms-nanometers (~Bohr radius) – Femtoseconds (electronic motion, Bohr period) Femtochemistry, etc. 100 fs accessible using standard techniques Many methods proposed for the fsec frontier – Slotted spoiler; ESASE; two stage chirped pulse – Unsatisfactory (noise pedestal, low flux, etc.) – Still unproven Use “clean” ultra-short, low charge electron beam – Myriad of advantages in FEL and beam physics Mitigate collective effects dramatically – Robust in application: XFEL, coherent optical source, PWFA…

5. Ultra-high brightness beams: How? Brightness Low Q in injector: shorter  t, smaller  Velocity bunching at low energy, recover I Chicane bunching (1 or 2 stages) The rules change much in our favor – Low charge makes all manipulations easier – Higher brightness gives new possibilities, design application with open imagination… Illustrate 1 st with original example: SPARX

6. Photoinjector scaling Beam at lower energy is single component relativistic plasma Preserve optimized dynamics: change Q, keeping plasma frequency (n, aspect ratio) same Dimensions scale – Shorter beam… Emittances: At low Q,  x,th dominates (Ferrario WP, SPARC/LCLS) J.B. Rosenzweig and E. Colby, Advanced Accelerator Concepts p. 724 (AIP Conf. Proc. 335, 1995).

7. Bunching for high currrent Magnetic recently enhanced by velocity bunching Velocity bunching avoids coherent beam degrading effects in bends Also with low charges… Longitudinal phase space schematic for velocity bunching Recent velocity bunching results from SPARC (INFN-LNF, Frascati

8. Velocity bunching Enhance current at low energy, avoid bending Inject near zero crossing Apply optimized focusing, manage  evolution Longitudinal phase space schematic for velocity bunching Recent SPARC results (accepted in PRL)

9. VB example: SPARX (2008), 1 pC  growth manageable - 1 order of magnitude compression -“Thermalized longitudinal phase space; limits subsequent compression Beam transverse size, emittanceBeam length during velocity bunching Final longitudinal PS after velocity bunching

10. Chicane Compression Run off-crest in linac, “chirp” longitudinal PS Remove chirp with chicane compressor – Limited by “thermal” energy spread, CSR Long beams not easy to compress, large longitudinal  due to RF curvature Final compression for short beams limited by “thermal” energy spread

11. Original goal: single spike XFEL operation 1D dimensionless gain parameter 1D gain length Cooperation length Single spike operation

12. Numerical example: SPARX @ INFN-LNF Take 2 GeV operation, “standard SPARC undulator”, u =2.8 cm Peak current I=2 kA, Estimate single spike threshold: Note: with ultra-small Q,  is enhanced – Spike is a bit shorter… – FEL gain better

13. Ultra-short pulses at SPARX (LNF) Scaling indicates use of ~1 pC beam for single spike  z =4.7  m after velocity bunching June 2008 version of SPARX lattice – compression no longer at end, at 1.2 GeV (Final 2.1 GeV) Very high final currents, – some CSR hor. emittance growth, for 1 pC – Longitudinal tails, higher peak brightness (2 orders of magnitude!) Q=1 pC case

14. FEL performance: 1 pC Single spike with some structure > 1 GW peak power at saturation (30 m) 480 attosecond rms pulse at 2 nm s (  m)  nm  z (m) z 

15. Higher Q SPARX case: 10 pC Put back beam power, X-ray photons Velocity bunch to 10.3  m rms – Still space dominated charge scaling ~Q 1/3 1 fs pulse Notable emittance growth Longitudinal phase space, 10 pCCurrent profile; some pedestal visible

16. SPARX FEL at 10 pC 10 GW peak FEL power Saturation at 20 m (v. high brightness) Quasi-single spike – Lower brightness=longer cooperation length – 4x10 11 photons, good for many applications s (  m) z (m)

17. Extension to LCLS case 1 pC does not give quasi-single spike operation – Beam too long, need to scale with  Use 0.25 pC (1.5M e - ), obtain  n =0.033 mm-mrad Yet higher brightness; saturation expected in 60 m Over 350A peak

18. LCLS Genesis results Deep saturation achievedMinimum rms pulse: 150 attosec Quasi-single spike, 2 GW

19. Alternative scenario: new undulator for very short operation Use high brightness beam to push to short wavelength – LCLS example Shorter period undulator – Shorter still? KuKu 1 u (cm) 1.5  (m) 2-6 U (GeV)4-14

20. Use Table-top XFEL undulator? LMU MPQ-centered collaboration (BESSY, LBNL, UCLA, etc.) UCLA collaboration on advanced hybrid cryo-undulator (Pr-based, SmCo sheath, Fe pole), 9 mm period, >2 T Need short u high field undulator for X-rays @1 GeV – critical for traditional linac sources too… With ultra-high brightness beam, one may have very compact, extended capability FELs Simulated 9 mm cryounduator performance at 30K (Maxwell, Radia, Pandira)

21. Example: SPARX w/sub-fs pulse Wavelength reduction (3 nm->6.5 Å) Ultra-short saturation length (10 m) LCLS photon reach at 2.1 GeV on 5 th harmonic Simulated performance on fundamental MW peak powerat 1.5 Å, 5 th harmonic

22. Example: LCLS w/sub-fs pulse Use even shorter 0.25 pC beam, 150 as pulse – Single spike w/standard LCLS undulator Obtain ultra-compact “LCLS” at 4.3 GeV Extend energy reach to 83 keV (0.15Å) Gain evolution for 1.5 Å 4.3 GeV (0.25 pC) Gain evolution at 13.6 GeV, 0.15 Å

23. Progress at SLAC on low-Q, high brightness beams 20 pC case measured – Diagnostic limitation Excellent emittance after injector – No velocity bunching Chicane compression – As low as 2 fs rms, with some  growth

24. Slice Emittance at LCLS: Low Charge Case 20 pC, 135 MeV, 0.6-mm spot diameter, 400 µm rms bunch length (5 A) OTR screen with transverse deflector ON 0.14 µm Emittance near calculated thermal emittance limit,

25.  z  0.6  m 8 kA? LiTrack (no CSR) Photo-diode signal on OTR screen after BC2 shows minimum compression at L2-linac phase of -34.5 deg. Horizontal projected emittance measured at 10 GeV, after BC2, using 4 wire-scanners. LCLS FEL simulation at 1.5 Å based on measured injector beam and Elegant tracking,with CSR, at 20 pC. LCLS FEL simulation at 1.5 Å based on measured injector beam and Elegant tracking, with CSR, at 20 pC. 1.5 Å, 3.6  10 11 photons I pk = 4.8 kA   0.4 µm

26. Ultra-short beam application: coherent, sub-cycle radiation Coherent transition radiation Non-destructive: coherent edge radiation (CER) Angular distribution of far-field radiation, by polarization: measured in color, QUINDI in contours Total emitted CER spectrum (BNL ATF, UCLA compressor), measured compared to QUINDI. Coherent THz pulses… Combined ER and SR

27. Coherent optical-IR sub-cycle pulse CER and CTR cases simulated with QUINDI – Coherent IR, sub-cycle pulse (SPARX 1 pC case) – Unique source at these wavelengths (~30 MW, peak) – Use in tandem w/X-rays in pump-probe – Would like to try this at LCLS… in context of other applications (e.g. PWFA) CER and CTR cases simulated with QUINDI – Coherent IR, sub-cycle pulse (SPARX 1 pC case) – Unique source at these wavelengths (~30 MW, peak) – Use in tandem w/X-rays in pump-probe – Would like to try this at LCLS… in context of other applications (e.g. PWFA)

28. Physics opportunity: focusing ultra-short beams 2 fs (600 nm) beam predicted to have I p =8 kA Focus to  r <200 nm (low emittance enables…) Surface fields 2 fs (600 nm) beam predicted to have I p =8 kA Focus to  r <200 nm (low emittance enables…) Surface fields

29. Final focusing system Need few mm  -function Use ultra-high field permanent magnet quads – mitigate chromatic aberration limits – FF-DD-F triplet, adjustable through quad motion Developed 570 T/m (!) PMQ fields – Use need slightly stronger, no problem (Pr, >1kT/m) Small aperture PMQ B’=570 T/m Halbach PMQ as built Final beam sizes: ~130 nm

30. Ultra-short, high brightness beam: IR wavelength PWFA Ultra-high brightness, fs beams impact HEP strongly… Use 20 pC LCLS beam in high n plasma In “blowout” regime: total rarefaction of plasma e - s – Beam denser than plasma – Very nonlinear plasma dynamics – Pure ion column focusing for e-s – Linac-style EM acceleration – General measure of nonlinearity: MAGIC simulation of blowout PWFA case Wakes in blown out region

31. Optimized excitation at LCLS Beam must be short and narrow compared to plasma skin depth In this case implies, blowout With 2 fs LCLS beam we should choose For 20 pC beam, we have Linear “Cerenkov” scaling 1 TV/m fields (!) Collaboration initiated – UCLA-SLAC-USC OOPIC simulation of LCLS case

32. What are the experimental issues? Length of plasma: ~1 mm – ~1 GeV energy change, perturbative at beginning Plasma formation – ~3 atm gas jet – Beam-induced ionization (fundamental physics) Beam focusing – Need few hundred nm beam – Use mini-beta PMQ, easily installed, minimal disruption Ion collapse – Deal breaker for applications Beam diagnostics in entirely new regime – True for all high-brightness fs beam scenarios

33. Beam Field-Induced Ionization Advantage of a HB, well focused drive bunch – beam field is enormous – plasma created by ionization early in bunch Pre-2004 FFTB PWFA used laser pre-ionization Later, compressed beams at gave ionization in Li – Previous generation beams had much smaller fields – FFTB: 50 GV/m surface fields: our case: ~1 TV/m New regime accessible…

34. The Tunneling Regime (ADK theory)  Coulomb potential diminished by applied E- field  Electron may quantum mech- anically tunnel out of atom  Regime well understood  Perturbation theory  First developed for lasers  Theory and simulation (OOPIC) benchmarked to experiment Tunneling Ionization

35. The barrier suppression regime (BSI)  In BSI electron can classically escape atom  Focused LCLS beams produce E-fields strong enough for BSI to occur  Previously only reached experimental by lasers  Not so well understood theoretically  Non-perturbative!  Empirical formulas  Plasma formation can be faster, than ADK theory Barrier Suppression Ionization

36. Beam-field induced ionization in OOPIC Need to focus beam to < 200 nm rms – A beam size diagnostic Radial E-field > TV/m; extreme physics… Ionization studied in hydrogen gas (ADK model) Complete ionization in Li Hydrogen, ionization complete inside beam OOPIC study, 3.15 atm hydrogen ionized by beam

37. OOPIC predictions for 3.15 atm case ~7E19/cc plasma, >TV/m peak wakefield!

38. Calculation of BSI ionization Extension to unipolar field pulse of the approach of Bauer, et al. in laser context BSI important above 40 GV/m, but tunneling has already been accomplished… trust OOPIC Fractional ionization due to BSI, 800 GV/m, 2 fs gaussian pulse

39. Plasma (Ion) Focusing The beam focuses as due to initial mismatch

40. Plasma Focusing and Mismatch Very small beam sizes even in 1 mm plasmas Ion’s may collapse…

41. Ion Collapse Positive ions “focused” by ultra-dense e-beam fields Nonlinear fields, emittance growth Detect 10-100 keV ions (hydrogen) – fusion?

42. Where and when Option 1: LCLS beam time proposal – Downstream of undulator – Competitive – Disruptive due to mini-  insert Option 2: LCLS bypass line – Proposal for test beam (HEP) – Possible addition of undulator (BES) – Under consideration now, could be fast track Option 3: FACET after upgrade – Need RF photoinjector – Optics not yet established – Long lead time…

43. Status/organization Physical Review Letter submitted – Frontier plasma/accelerator/atomic physics – Gift from FEL to HEP Collaboration – Based on E169 – Proposal for LCLS beam time Initial explorations with SLAC stake-holders – Accelerator physicists, SLAC Director Drell – Bucksbaum (work on Rydberg atoms), Stohr (magnetic switching) Hope for first experiments in 2011