1. Mirror Neurons and Mind Reading Presented by Amrita Singh and Sandeep Aitha Keysers C, Gazzola V. 2014 Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.

2. Basic Hypothesis: Development of Mirror Neurons through Hebbian Learning

3. Hebbian Learning: Neurons that fire together, wire together Contingency and Contiguity are important

4. STS Superior Temporal Sulcus PM Pre-Motor Cortex Generates Motor Actions Responds when viewing and hearing actions

5. Re-afference : Seeing your own actions

6. Thus, strong excitatory connections are developed from STS neurons which respond when an action is observed, to PM neurons which elicit the action. PM neurons become mirror neurons.

7. Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity A repeatedly fires 40 ms before B A repeatedly fires just after B B repeatedly fires without A firing

8. PM Generates Action STS Responds to Sight of Action Action 1Action 2Action 3 200 ms 40 ms

9. Mirror Neurons for Sensations Somatosensory cortex activated when we see others being touched Similar mechanism for development is proposed No prediction

10. Mirror Neurons for Emotions Imitation of facial expressions by parents Might be genetically encoded

11. Thank You!

12. References Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G. 1996 Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119, 593–609 Caporale N, Dan Y. 2008 Spike timing-dependent plasticity: a Hebbian learning rule. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 25–46. Umilta MA, Kohler E, Gallese V, Fogassi L, Fadiga L, Keysers C, Rizzolatti G. 2001 I know what you are doing: a neurophysiological study. Neuron 31, 155–165.

13. Keysers C, Gazzola V. 2014 Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Keysers C, Gazzola V. 2014 Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.