1. Warm-up  Does anyone know why weight lifting can build stronger bones and prevent osteoporosis?

2. You will need to know: 1)What is forensic anthropology? 2)How can bones be used to identify age? Sex? 3)What bones are best for identifying age and sex for adults? Children? 4)Use a conversion table to estimate the height of an individual. 5)Define antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem. 6)Know the name and location of the long bones (ulna, radius, femur, etc.)

4. Objective  Use knowledge of how bones heal to determine whether an injury occurred antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem.

5. Agenda  How bones heal  Reading Activity  Antimortem, Perimortem, & Postmortem injuries

6. Reading Activity  Read the 1 st paragraph.  What is the difference between antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem?  Read the remainder of the 1 st page  What is a “green” bone?  Which stage (antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem) do we see impressions from tools?

7. Reading Activity  Read the next 2 paragraphs (p. 2)  What are the two wrist injuries mentioned in the article?  Read the rest of the article.  How can we distinguish perimortem from postmortem when analyzing bones?

8. Healing Nature of BonesHealing Nature of Bones  Bones have the ability to heal  Key Players:  Osteoclasts – break down bone  Osteoblasts – build new bone  Chondroblasts – build new tissue http://www.exogen.com/physicians/how-it-works/

9. Inflammation  1) Fracture Hematoma forms – helps keep the bones aligned & cuts off oxygen from the fractured bone (killing it) Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heal-broken-bones.htm

10. Soft CallusSoft Callus  Several days later, the fracture hematoma turns into a soft callus  Fibroblasts develop collagen & chondroblasts begin developing fibrocartilage  Transforms from soft callus to fibrocartilage callus – bridges gap between bones (3 wks) Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heal-broken-bones.htm

11. Bone Callus (Hard Callus)Bone Callus (Hard Callus)  Formation of the bone callus  Osteoblasts begin building new bone  3-4 month process  Provides enough stability for the bone to finish healing Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heal-broken-bones.htm

12. Remodeling  Not done yet…  Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts spend months remodeling the bone by replacing bone callus with compact bone  Overtime, remodeling reduces the bulge

13. Weight-lifting  Weight-lifting causes small fractures to occur in our bones, but DON’T panic!  These fractures signal osteoclasts to come remove the damaged bone and osteoblasts to build new bone.  Overtime, you end up with stronger, healthier bones!  Also, remember, the more muscles your have, the more bone you need at your joints to hold those muscles, further strengthening your bones.

14. Terminology  Antemortem – before death  Perimortem – occurs at time of death  Postmorem – occurred after death

15. Antemortem  Injuries that involve  Bruising –occur only while the heart is beating  Healing – which would not occur without time for the living body to repair the injury.  Bone remodeling – bulge from an old fracture

16. Healed Fractures

17. History in the bonesHistory in the bones  Often anthropoligists are asked to determine whether an injury occurred antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem  Antemortem injuries could show signs of long time abuse, old fractures, and recent injuries  Why might a forensic anthropologist be interested in antemortem injuries?

18. Rib started to grow around the.22 caliber bullet. That's antemoretem

19. Amputations  Not all antemortem fractures are from accidents or attacks  Ex: Amputation – partial healing of bone, but not enough living tissue to regenerate the bone.

20. Perimortem InjuriesPerimortem Injuries  Occur at time of death – often provide evidence of cause of death &/or murder weapon  Weapons can leave imprints in perimortem injuries  Occur without the body attempting to heal (bruising, clotting, etc.)

21. What this means…  Bones have no time to heal, so fractures are clean and sharp  As seen in the bones of an American Indian woman who was hit by a truck  The trauma from the impact shattered her femur

22. Machete Wounds, African MaleMachete Wounds, African Male

23. Hammer Wounds Injuries that occur perimortem often leave impression from weapon.

24. Postmortem  These injuries usually occur when bodies are moved or by environmental factors.  Fractures are jagged and rough, with a random breaking pattern.

25. If there is time…  Teeth