1. Unit 1: Scientific Method & Chemistry Chapter: 2-3
Macromolecules
Unit 1: Scientific Method
& Chemistry
Chapter: 2-3

2. Standards
1) The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
h) Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

3. Chemistry of Life All living things are made up of 4 main elements:
Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Hydrogen
Organic molecules have carbon
Inorganic molecules do not have carbon
Ex: Water H20

4. Macromolecules “Big Molecules” made of many smaller molecules
Monomer: small molecule
Polymer: larger molecule made up of monomers
Polymerization: process that joins monomers together to make a polymer
Polymer
Monomer
Polymerization

5. Example: Legos Monomer = 1 lego
Polymer = many legos connected together

6. Types of Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins

7. 1. Carbohydrates Use: Main energy source for cells
Monomer: Monosaccharide
One sugar
Ex: glucose
fructose
galactose
Polymer: Polysaccharides
Big carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides joined together
Ex: glycogen (animals)
Ex: starch (plants)
Food Source: plants, pasta, bread, sugar

8. 2. Lipids
Use:
Long term energy storage (fat, oil)
Chemical messengers (steroids & cholesterol)
Cell membrane (phospholipids)
Monomers: Lipids are made of a fatty acid chain & a glycerol head
Polymer: Lipids &
triglyceride

9. More about the monomer:
Fatty acid chains can be:
1. Saturated: all single bonds, solid at room temp, found in animals (“bad” fat)
2. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, called oils (“good” fat)

10. Which is unsaturated? A B C

11. More About the Polymer: Lipids
2 Types of Lipids
1. Sterols: chemical messengers
Ex: Cholesterol; Hormones (testosterone & estrogen)
2. Phospholipids: make up cell membranes
Glycerol Head
(with phosphate group)
Hydrophilic: likes water
2 Fatty Acid Chains
Hydrophobic: “fears” water
Food Source: fats, oils, grease

12. 3. Nucleic Acids Use: store & transmit genetic information
Monomers: Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are composed of a:
Sugar: ribose or deoxyribose
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base
Adenine (A), Thymine (T)
Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
Polymers: DNA & RNA
DNA uses bases A,T,C,G & has 2 strands
RNA uses bases A,U,C,G & has 1 strand
Food sources: all plant & animal foods

13. 4. Proteins Use: carry out gene expression
Structure - found in hair, horns, spider’s silk
Transport – moving material
Defense - antibodies
Enzymes – helping chemical reactions
Monomers: Proteins are made of amino acids
Joined together by peptide bonds
20 different amino acids
They join together and fold to make a protein
Polymer: Polypeptide or Enzyme

14. POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN:
Peptide Bond
Amino Acids

15. Protein shape determines its function
Enzymes are proteins that control the rate of a reaction
Central Dogma Rule: genetic information is transferred from:
DNA RNA Protein
Food sources: Meat, dairy products, beans

17. Protein Folding

18. Pop-quiz 1. The monomer of this group is a monosaccharide. ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

19. 2. This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane.
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

20. 3. Enzymes belong to this group.
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

21. 4. This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell.
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

22. 5. This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes).
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

23. 6. This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch.
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

24. 7. This group is made up of the monomers: fatty acid chain and glycerol head.
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

25. 8. Macromolecules in cells are created from
ANSWERS:
A) groups of cells B) toxic substances
C) small molecules D) one element

26. 9. Macromolecules are also known as
ANSWERS:
A) Polymers B) Monomers
C) micromolecules D) Nucleotides

27. 10. Many amino acids bond together to form which polymer?
ANSWERS:
A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid
C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein