1. Lipids, Nucleic Acids & Proteins the ‘other’ fuel sources

2. Lipids water insoluble – hydrophobic long term NRG storage – adipose tissue TWICE as much NRG as carbs and proteins composed of: – CARBON – HYDROGEN – oxygen © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  NONPOLAR!!!

3. Lipids weird: – not huge molecules – not built from monomers big variations in: – structure – function (didn’t I just say that?) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Lipids Fats – glycerol + 3 fatty acids (FA) Phopholipids – glycerol + 2 FA + phosphate group (hey-aren’t they polar?) Steroids (aka. stereos) – ring structures built on cholesterol (evil or not? NOT!!) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. FATS glycerol + 3 FA – each FA attached to glycerol through dehydration synthesis – each FA can be different from the others vary in length of carbon chain vary in numbers of double bonds vary in placement of double bonds aka. TRIGLYCERIDES © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Figure 3.8B Fatty acid Glycerol p. 40

8. Figure 3.8C Fatty acids Glycerol p. 40

9. Fats carbon chains that have ALL single bonds SATURATED (as full of H as possible!) b/c straight chains they can pack together tend to be solid (at room temp) http://www.fishoilbenefits.tk/saturated-fatty-acids.html http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html

10. Fats carbon chains that have one or more double bonds UNSATURATED (not as full of H as possible!) chains are kinked  can’t pack together too tightly tend to be liquid (at room temp) http://www.fishoilbenefits.tk/saturated-fatty-acids.html http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html

12. http://www.natural-health-information-centre.com/trans-fats.html

13. Phospholipids glycerol backbone + 2 FA + phosphate group MAJOR component of ALL cells biggest constituent of the cell membrane © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Phospholipids: cell membrane phospholipids cluster into a bilayer hydrophilic heads are in contact with – the water of the environment and – the internal part of the cell. hydrophobic tails band in the center of the bilayer.

17. Steroids based on structure of cholesterol four fused rings of carbon

19. Nucleic Acids storage, transmission & use of genetic information NRG transfer deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA ribonucleic acid: RNA monomers bonded to others to create polymers monomers = nucleotides

20. Nucleotides pentose sugar – ribose – Deoxyribose phosphate group nitrogenous base – adeninethymine (DNA only) – guaninecytosineuracil (RNA only)

21. Figure 3.15A Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base (adenine)

23. 3C 5C 3C 5C

24. Figure 3.15C Base pair A C T G C CG T A CG A T T A G C T A T A A T

25. DNA vs. RNA DNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogenous bases – adeninethymine – cytosineguanine double helix RNA ribose sugar nitrogenous bases – adenineuracil – cytosineguanine single stranded

26. DNA to RNA to proteins DNA contains genes: codes for proteins lives in the nucleus protein machinery is in the cytoplasm DNA transcribed into mRNA mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA is translated into proteins

27. DNA to RNA DNA monomers = nucleotides – language monomers = alphabet letters mRNA monomers = nucleotides transcribe DNA into mRNA – uses the same alphabet/same language

28. RNA to protein mRNA monomers = nucleotides protein monomers = amino acids information written in nucleotide language needs to be translated into amino acid language

29. Nucleotides & NRG Transfer Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a universal energy-carrying nucleotide found in all living organisms