2. Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure

5. Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein
(Heat, pH, ionic environment)

6. Chaperone Proteins
Chaperonin

7. THE ULTIMATE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
NUCLEIC ACIDS -
THE ULTIMATE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Two Types:
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-RNA (ribonucleic acid)

8. Figure 5.28 DNA RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

9. (Nucleic acid polymer)

10. OH
Dehydration synthesis H

11. Dinucleotide OH

12. Cell division and inheritance is based on DNA’s ability to replicate.
Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine.
Guanine hydrogen bonds with Cytosine.

13. Summary of differences between DNA and RNA
1. DNA incorporates nucleotides containing: A, G, C, T
RNA incorporates nucleotides containing: A, G, C, U
2. DNA utilizes deoxyribose sugar.
RNA utilizes ribose sugar.
3. DNA is double-stranded.
RNA is single-stranded.

14. Figure 7.0 Fluorescent stain of cell
How do we learn about cell structure and function?
Immunofluorescence microscopy

16. Figure 7.3 Cell fractionation
Differential Centrifugation - based on size (pellet and supernatant)
Density Gradient Centrifugation -
Rate Zonal- preformed density gradients(size and shape)
Equilibrium- Density

17. Figure 7.0 Fluorescent stain of cell
How big is a cell?

18. Figure 7.1 The size range of cells

19. Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell
What are the two main types of cells?
Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell

20. Common Components of all Cells
-molecular components -plasma membrane
-DNA -cytoplasm -ribosomes -metabolism
Animal
Plant
Bacteria
(Prokaryotic)
(Eukaryotic)

21. Figure 7.6 The plasma membrane

22. Figure 7.9 The nucleus and its envelope
Nucleolus- site of ribosome synthesis
Lamina- net of intermediate filaments
Matrix- Structural fibers extending throughout nucleus

23. Figure 7.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Endomembrane System- internal membranes related by physical continuity or vesicle transfer. (nuclear envelope, E.R., golgi, lysosomes,and various vacoules)
R.E.R.- synthesis and modification of excreted proteins, membrane proteins (glycoproteins). Vesicle transport to golgi. Membrane production.
Smooth E.R.- Synthesis of lipids, carbo metabolism(glycogen hydrolysis), detoxification of poisons, Ca++ storage in muscles

24. Ribonucleoprotein complex- rRNA and protein
Figure Ribosomes
Ribonucleoprotein complex- rRNA and protein

25. Figure 7.12 The Golgi apparatus
Products from the E.R. modified, sorted, packaged for “shipping”.
Polysaccharide synthesis (pectins in plants).
“Docking proteins” in trans face membrane.

26. Sac of hydrolytic enzymes for all macromolecules. Bud from E.R.
Figure Lysosomes
Sac of hydrolytic enzymes for all macromolecules.
Bud from E.R.
Acidic pH- H+ pumps in membrane.

27. Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 1)

28. Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 2)

29. Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 3)
Digestion functions:
-Food
-Cell parts
-Programmed cell death.
Lysosome storage diseases: Tay-Sachs

30. Figure 7.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system 

31. Dehydrogenation reactions, formation of hydrogen peroxide.
Figure Peroxisomes
Dehydrogenation reactions, formation of hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes not part of endomembrane system.

32. Figure 7.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration

35. ENDOSYMIOTIC THEORY

36. Figure 7.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis

37. Figure 7.15 The plant cell vacuole
Central vacuole: storage of macromolecules, inorganic ions, hydrostatic pressure.
Contractile vacuole: Freshwater protists
Pigment storage: Plastids

38. Figure 7.20 The cytoskeleton
Structural support, cell motility, organelle movement and anchoring, intra-cellular transport, phagocytosis, regulation of biochemical activities (signal transduction).
Not permanent, can disassemble and reassemble.

39. Table 7.2 The structure and function of the cytoskeleton

40. Figure 7.21 Motor molecules and the cytoskeleton

41. Figure 7.23 A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia

42. Figure 7.24 Ultrastructure of a eukaryotic flagellum or cilium
Basal body
(Structurally like centriole)

43. Figure 7.25 How dynein “walking” moves cilia and flagella

44. Figure 7.26 A structural role of microfilaments
Increase surface area
Outer cytoplasmic area has gel consistancy.

45. Figure 7.27 Microfilaments and motility
Distribution of nutrients and materials.

46. CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
Matrix of microfibrils(cellulose), other polysaccharides and protein.
Pectins
(middle lamella)

47. Figure 7.29 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell
fibronectin

48. Figure 7.30 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues

49. Figure 7.31 The emergence of cellular functions from the cooperation of many organelles