1. Review of biochemistry

2. Carbon Compounds
All organic molecules contain the element carbon. All living things are composed of water, and organic molecules.
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements
The structure of a biomolecule will help determine its properties and functions
Carbon is a special element, because it has four electrons in its valence level to share. It can form four covalent bonds because of this.

3. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Four Main Groups
There are four main groups of biomolecules. They are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
A biomolecule is any molecule that is produced by an organism

4. Fossil Fuels are hydrocarbons.
                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                           
The simplest organic compounds contain molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen…also known as “hydrocarbons”.
The compound methane contains one carbon bonded to four hydrogens.
CH4
In chemistry we use a molecular formula to show how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule.
A molecular formula does not show the structure of the molecule. Scientists often use structural formulas to show the number and arrangement of atoms in a compounds.
Fossil Fuels are hydrocarbons.

5. What are the four groups of organic molecules we need to know about?
Why isn’t water an organic molecule?
What element does methanol and ethanol contain, that other hydrocarbons don’t?

6. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in approximately a ratio of 1:2:1
Carbohydrates include sugars (monosaccharides, and disaccharides) starches (polysaccharides), and complex polysaccharides like cellulose and glycogen.

7. Carbohydrates are... The most abundant of the biomolecules
a key source of energy
found in most foods especially fruits, vegetables, and grains
The building blocks, or monomers of carbohydrates are single sugars called monosaccharides

8. Lipids
Lipids are large biomolecules composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, with small amounts of oxygen.
They are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water. Types of lipids include:
Fats
Are lipids that can store a great deal of energy
Contains three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule backbone (don’t worry…I’ll show you this)
Oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Other lipids include some light-absorbing compounds called pigments

9. 1) Polarity- lipids are non-polar and so are insoluble in water, meaning they must be stored in cells in special ways.
Functions of Lipids
2) High-energy store - they have a higher proportion of H atoms relative to O atoms and so yield more energy than the same mass of carbohydrate
3) Thermal insulation – fat conducts heat very slowly so having a layer under the skin keeps metabolic heat in.
4) Electrical insulation – the myelin sheath around axons prevents ion leakage, and increases signal speed.
1 gram of fat provides 9 kcal while 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein provides 4 kcal
5) Waterproofing – waxy cuticles are useful, for example, to prevent excess evaporation from the surface of a leaf.
6) Hormone production – steroid hormones. Estrogen requires lipids for its formation, as do other substances such as plant growth hormones.

10. Lipids…
Since lipids are indeed, not polymers, but macromolecules made of many different subunits…they do NOT contain monomers.
And since each type of lipid contains a different set of building-blocks, what you need to know is that lipids are composed of subunits known as glycerol, and fatty acids.
Since there are three fatty acids joined to this glycerol molecule, it is known as a triglyceride.

11. Place carbohydrates in order from smallest to largest in terms of molecular size.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
How do lipids and carbohydrates vary in their structure?
What are three types of lipids?
Which lipids store the most energy?

12. Proteins
Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
Proteins do most of the work in cells, such as enzymes
The monomers of proteins are called amino acids
Primary Structure…

13. The Work Proteins Do Receptor proteins Enzymatic Proteins
Enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of food polymers
Structural Proteins
Ovalbumin
Storage Proteins
Keratin
Transport Proteins
Hormonal proteins
Receptor proteins
Contractile and motor proteins
Defensive proteins
Actin and Myocin
Enzymes: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions… Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the polymers in food.
Support : Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs. Collagen and elastin provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues. Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, and feathers.
Storage of amino acids: Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo. Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds
Transport of other substances: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to outer parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes.
Hormonal: Coordination of an organism’s activities: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood of vertebrates.
Receptor: Response of cell to chemical stimuli: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells.
Contractile and Motor: Movement: Actin and myosin are responsible for the movement of muscles. Other proteins are responsible for the undulations of the organelles called cilia and flagella
Tubulin: Protein that makes flagella rotate like a screw, found in eukaryotes
Flagellin: Globular Protein arranged in a helical chain found in prokaryotes
Defensive: Protection against disease: Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses

14. What are the monomers of proteins?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Describe one job that proteins do.

15. Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function
The nucleic acids include the amazing DNA molecule.
It is the source of constancy and variation among species, and is the foundation for the unity and diversity of all life on Earth.
Our text book title is taken from this notion

17. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene
Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid
Genes
Are the units of inheritance
Program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides
Are made of specific nucleotide sequences on DNA
Monomers of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides

18. The Roles of Nucleic Acids
There are two types of nucleic acids involved in inheritance and protein synthesis
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA
Stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins
Found in the nucleus of cells
Directs RNA synthesis (transcription)
Directs protein synthesis through RNA (translation)
RNA
Single stranded nucleic acid which carries the code for protein synthesis
Found in nucleus, and outside of nucleus in association with ribosomes

19. ATP Another type of nucleic acid is ATP.
It is a source of energy for cells.

20. What are two functions of nucleic acids?
What are monomers of nucleic acids known as?