1. Macromolecules: What cells are made of

2. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD:
Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

3. A Macromolecule is…
An extremely large molecule, called a polymer, made up of many smaller molecules called monomers. They are found in your cells, tissues and the food you eat.
They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.
4 types of Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

4. Polymers and Monomers
Poly=many (polymer = many molecules strung together)
Mono=one (monomer = one molecule)

5. Carbohydrates Composed of C, H and O atoms in a C1H2O1 ratio.
3 types- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
FUNCTIONS:
Used for Energy (50%-60% of your calories should come from carbs!)
Used for Cell Structure
In plant cell walls
In insect exoskeletons

6. 3 Types of Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
(Mono = “one”
saccharide = sugar)
Disaccharides
(Di = “two”)
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
(Poly = “many”)

8. Monosaccharide = One sugar
Function: ENERGY FOR CELLS!
Examples:
glucose (plants)
fructose (fruit)
dextrose (corn)
galactose (milk)

9. GLUCOSE! “Gly-”, “Glu-” = Greek for sweet “-ose” = sugar
Glucose is synthesized during photosynthesis by plants.
It is required by cells for energy during cellular respiration.
Period 4 stopped here 3/15/11
GLUCOSE MOLECULE

10. March 16 – Continue in Notes
WARM-UP: What is the difference between the 3 types of carbohydrates?

11. Disaccharides = Two monosaccharides bonded together
FUNCTION: ENERGY FOR CELLS!
Example:
Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
Period 2 stopped here 3/15/11

12. Polysaccharides are long strings of monosaccharides bonded together.
Three types:
Starch- Energy  Can be digested; Plants store extra glucose as starch
EX: potato, rice, grains, pasta, vegetables
Fiber- Can’t be digested by humans  prevents constipation and colon cancer and clogged arteries
Found in structure of plants = cellulose
EX: oat bran, skin of fruits, whole grains, vegetables
Glycogen- used to store extra glucose in the liver for times when you haven’t eaten!

14. Monomers are joined together by condensation reactions to create polymers.
A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules react with each other with the concurrent loss of a molecule of water.

15. Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis reactions.
Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

16. Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic material (genes).
2 types: DNA and RNA
Monomers are called nucleotides.

17. How do you build a Nucleic Acid?
The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate.

18. Draw and label a nucleotide!
P = Phosphate
S = Sugar
G = Nitrogenous Base

19. Lipids are fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins
Lipids are hydrophobic (scared of water) and non-polar
Functions:
Energy storage
Cell membranes
Hormone formation
Healthy skin and hair
Insulation and protection of body organs

20. What does a lipid look like?
Lipids are made up of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

21. Saturated fats are…
Fats that have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain and are thus fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.

22. Caused by eating too many saturated fats
Atherosclerosis The process of the arteries becoming progressively narrower.
Caused by eating too many saturated fats

23. Actual Clogged Artery!

24. Unsaturated Fats are…
Fats in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain.
A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are eliminated.

25. Proteins (polypeptides) are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a linear chain and folded into a globular form.
FUNCTIONS:
Enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions
Provide structure and support:
Actin and myosin in muscle
Cytoskeleton- maintains cell shape.
Components of skin, hair and nails (keratin), ligaments, tendons

26. How do we build proteins?
Made up of many amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids!
Different order of amino acids produces a different structure and function.

27. Draw an amino acid!

28. The Bottom Line Monosaccharides-> Polysacharide
All of these Macromolecules are synthesized (made) from simple precursors (building blocks):
Monosaccharides-> Polysacharide
Amino acids-> Protein
Fatty acids-> Lipids
Nucleotides-> Nucleic Acid

29. Key points
Polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules that are necessary for life.
Polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides
Proteins are made up of amino acids
Lipids are made up of fatty acids
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides

30. HW: Read Ch. 2.3 and do the section review.

31. YOUR ASSIGNMENT: MACROMOLECULE MODEL AND VIDEO
Choose one of the macromolecules.
Use a visual- drawing or something else.
Create a short educational video (30 seconds) explaining the important aspects of your macromolecule. (see your worksheet)

32. HOMEWORK: Read 2-4 on Enzymes and answer the section review.