1. Cell Biology Unit Two

2. Covalent Bonds Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

3. aaaaaaaaaaaaa - a covalently bonded, polar molecule Molecules are said to be polar if they have slight opposite charges on either end

4. The slight attraction between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another results in a… aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

5. aaaaa - polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion - adhesion and cohesion cohesion lead to capillary action and surface tension - high specific heat leads to temperature stability - high heat of vaporization leads to evaporative cooling

6. aaaaa - This characteristic means water has a high degree of solvency and chemical reactivity - spheres of hydration form electrostatic interactions, keeping ions from interacting with each other

9. The Importance of Macromolecules

10. Definitions Dehydration synthesis – the assembling of organic molecules by extracting water Hydrolysis – the breaking up of organic molecules using water Self assembly – having the capability to form complicated from information inherent to the polymer

11. The Metabolism of Macromolecules

12. The four types of organic compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

13. The general formula is CH2O The monomers are monosaccharides Functions: Provide energy Structural uses Examples: Plants - starch, cellulose, Animals - glycogen, chitin

14. Two functional groups – COOH- (carboxyl) and NH2- (amine) The monomers are amino acids Functions: Provide energy Structural uses Regulation Protection

15. Examples: Collagen Hormones Enzymes Antibodies

16. The monomers are nucleotides Functions: Heredity Protein synthesis aaaaaaaaaaa Nitrogen base Pentose sugar Phosphate group

17. Examples: DNA RNA Single stranded with three forms – tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA Double stranded, double helix molecule

18. Functional group – COOH- (carboxyl) The monomers are fatty acids and alcohols Functions: Storage energy Structural uses Regulation Protection

19. Examples: Fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids Steroids Waxes

20. The two types of fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated

21. Adenosine triphosphate The fuel of living cells

22. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) Small molecules that act as electron carriers

23. Nine Protein Types

24. Hydrophobic Amino Acids

25. Hydrophilic Amino Acids

26. Protein Organization

27. Protein Organization

28. Protein Organization Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds

29. Protein Organization van der Waals interaction Hydrophobic interactions

30. Protein Organization Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure

31. Protein Organization Quaternary Structure

32. Enzymes PPPProteins that function as biological catalysts by lowering the energy of activation and speeding up chemical processes EEEEnzymes are substrate specific, much like a lock and key EEEEnzymes catalyze reactions without being changed

33. Enzymes HHHHow they work!

34. Enzymes HHHHow they work!

35. Enzymes HHHHow they work!

36. Cofactors inorganic metal ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and others change the shape of the enzyme Coenzymes organic molecules derived from vitamins NAD+ and FAD+ and others carry H+ and small molecules

37. Enzymes Allosteric site

38. pH effects on enzymes Temperature effects on enzymes

39. Regulation of activity Concentration of enzymes Concentration of substrates Concentration of cofactors Enzymes Concentration of coenzymes Various types of inhibition

40. Enzymes Allosteric inhibition

41. Enzymes Competitive inhibition

42. Enzymes Noncompetitive inhibition

43. Enzymes Feedback (end product) inhibition

44. Nucleic Acids

45. Nucleic Acids

46. Nucleic Acids

47. Nucleic Acids

48. Nucleic Acids

49. Nucleic Acids

50. Carbohydrates Pentose sugar Hexose sugar

51. Carbohydrate s Disaccharides

52. Carbohydrate s Polysaccharides

53. Lipids Lipid Classes

54. Lipids Phosphatidic Acid

55. Lipids Steroid Examples