1. End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds

3. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 3 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

4. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 4 of 37 Carbon –Atomic # 6 –4 valence electrons –Likely to share electrons to complete valence shell –Bonds with: Other carbons, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Monomers Polymers

6. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

7. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates? Source of Energy Structure

8. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.

9. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

10. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Glucose Starch Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen

11. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids are generally not soluble in water. The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids

12. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

13. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids

14. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

15. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base

16. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 16 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

17. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of molecules called amino acids.

18. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Amino acids

19. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.

20. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

21. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 21 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Some functions of proteins: –Control rate of reactions – Enzymes –Used to form bones and muscles –Transport substances into or out of cells –Help to fight disease - antibodies

22. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 22 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3

23. End Show Slide 23 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a.lipids. b.monosaccharides. c.proteins. d.polysaccharides.

24. End Show Slide 24 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a.fatty acids. b.monosaccharides. c.amino acids. d.nucleic acids.

25. End Show Slide 25 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a.they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b.they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c.they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d.their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

26. End Show Slide 26 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a.Animals make it and use it to store energy. b.Plants make it and use it to store energy. c.Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d.Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

27. End Show Slide 27 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a.plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b.proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c.polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d.proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.