1. Chapter 3 - Biochemistry
Section 2: Carbon Compounds

2. Carbon Bonding Organic Compounds: made mostly of carbon atoms
Inorganic Compounds: do not contain carbon
Carbon can bond with itself:
It can form straight chains
It can form branched chains
It can form rings

3. Functional Groups
Functional groups are the portion of a molecule that gives the molecule it’s particular properties. They are also active in a chemical reaction.

4. Carboxylic Acids Carboxyl Hydroxyl Carbonyl Amino Sulfhydryl
Functional Group
Formulas/ Chemical Structures
Common Name
Biological Importance
Carboxylic Acids
Polar – water soluble
Acid in Amino Acids
Act as buffers in organisms
Carboxyl
Alcohols:
Methanol, Ethanol
Polar – whole molecule is water soluble
Hydroxyl
Aldehydes
Glyderaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Ketones
Acetone
Polar – water soluble
Functional group in carbohydrates
Metabolic intermediates
Ketones = nonpolar
Carbonyl
a. Aldehyde
b. Ketone
Amines
Amino Acids
- Glycine
Polar
Found in amino acids
Ammonia waste from protein
Amino
Cystine
(amino acid)
Stabilizes proteins
Sulfhydryl
Polar; Acidic
Found in DNA/RNA
Used in energy transport (ATP)
Organic Phosphates
Phosphate

5. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers: building blocks of organic molecules
Polymer: molecule made of multiple monomers that are linked together
Macromolecules: large polymers
Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

6. Making and Breaking Polymers
Condensation Reaction: monomers are linked to polymers and water is released
Hydrolysis: break down of polymers using water
The reverse of a condensation reaction

7. Energy Currency Life processes require a constant supply of energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) a high energy compound found in cells
Covalent bonds hold the phosphate groups together
The bond that attaches the last phosphate group to the rest of the molecule is easily broken releasing energy for cell work

8. Chapter 3 - Biochemistry
Section 3: Molecules of Life

9. Molecules of Life 4 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates (sugars)
Proteins (enzymes)
Lipids (fats)
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

10. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
General ratio is 1C:2H:1O or (CH2O)n
Monosaccharides: monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate
Examples: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
All 3 monomers have the same formula  C6H12O6, but they each have different structures - isomers
Glucose
Fructose

11. Carbohydrates
Disaccharides: double sugar (two monosaccharides bonded together)
The reaction that joins the two monosaccharides together is called a condensation reaction
Examples: Sucrose Lactose
Sucrose

12. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: made of 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together
Examples:
Glycogen (in animals): energy storage
Stored in liver and muscle, made of glucose molecules
Starch (in plants): energy storage
Made of glucose molecules
Cellulose (in plants): used for structure  cell wall

13. Proteins
Proteins are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Monomer = amino acids
20 different amino acids
Functional groups of amino acids:
-COOH, NH2
What gives the amino acid its specific identity is it’s R-group
R-groups can be simple or complex

14. Proteins Dipeptides are two amino acids bonded together
The bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond
Peptide bonds are formed during a condensation reaction

15. Proteins Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids
Form larger proteins, which are usually made of more than one polypeptide chain
4 levels of structure for polypeptides
Primary: linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary: polypeptide forms α-helices and β-sheets
Tertiary: R-groups interact with one-another
Quaternary: more than one polypeptide chain making a protein

16. Proteins
Enzymes: Protein (or RNA) molecules that act as biological catalysts
How enzymes work:
Induced Fit Model of Enzyme Action
Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between the enzyme and its substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)
Active Site: portion of the enzyme that the substrate fits into
The linkage between the enzyme and the substrate causes a slight change in the enzyme’s shape which puts a strain on the substrate bonds
The enzyme releases the products and remains unchanged
Temperature and pH effect an enzyme’s activity

17. Enzyme Action

18. Lipids Lipids: large, nonpolar organic molecules
DO NOT dissolve in H20
Building blocks of lipids:
Glycerol:
Functional group = -OH
Fatty Acids: unbranched carbon-chains
Functional group = -COOH

19. Lipids Fatty Acids Continued:
Fatty acids can be saturated (each carbon is bonded to 4 other things – “full”)
Fatty acids can be unsaturated (when the carbon atoms form double bonds with each other in the carbon chain)

20. Lipids Types of Lipids:
Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate attached to the 3rd carbon of the glycerol
Makes-up the cell membrane of cells
Hydrophilic head
2 Fatty acid tails

21. Lipids Types of Lipids Continued Waxes: Steroids: Structural lipids
Fatty-acid chains connect to an alcohol chain
Water-proof and provide protection
Steroids:
Made of 4 fused carbon rings
Functions
Hormones (testosterone)
Found in cell membranes (cholesterol)

22. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: store and transfer genetic information
3 parts of a nucleic acid:
Phosphate Group
Sugar
Nitrogenous Base
Three combined forms the nucleotide
2 types of Nucleic Acids
DNA: stores genetic information for an organism
RNA: stores and transfers information from DNA that is needed to make proteins